A Fresh Look at Element Distribution in the North Pacific

Figure 1. Vertical Profiles of Elements in the North Pacific Ocean

(~ 70 kB)

Table 1. Estimated mean oceanic concentrations of the elements and the references on which the periodic chart (Figure 1) is based.

Atomic Number	Element	Species	Type of Distribution	Oceanic mean Concentration (ng/kg)	Reference
1	Hydrogen	H2O
2	Helium	Dissolved gas	c	7.6	Clarke et al. (1970)
3	Lithium	Li+	c	180 x 103	Stoffyn-Egli and Mackenzie (1984)
4	Beryllium		s+n	0.21	Measures and Edmond (1982)
5	Boron	Borate	c	4.5 x 106	Noakes and Hood (1961)
6	Carbon	Inorganic CO2	n	27.0 x 106	Broecker and Takahashi (1978)
7	Nitrogen	Dissolved N2	c	8.3 x 106	Craig et al. (1967)
		NO3-	n	0.42 x 106	GEOSECS Operation Group (1987)
8	Oxygen	Dissolved O2	inverse n	2.8 x 106	GEOSECS Operation Group (1987)
9	Fluorine	F-	c	1.3 x 106	Bewers et al. (1973)
10	Neon	Dissolved gas	c	160	Craig et al. (1967)
11	Sodium	Na+	c	10.78 x 109	Millero and Leung (1976)
12	Magnesium	Mg2+	c	1.28 x 109	Carpenter and Manella (1973)
13	Aluminum		s	30	Orians and Bruland (1985)
14	Silicon	Reactive SiO2	n	2.8 x 106	GEOSECS Operation Group (1987)
15	Phosphorus	Reactive PO4	n	62 x 103	GEOSECS Operation Group (1987)
16	Sulfur	SO42-	c	898 x 106	Morris and Riley (1966)
17	Chlorine	Cl-	c	19.35 x 109	Wilson (1975)
18	Argon	Dissolved gas	c	0.62 x 106	Craig et al. (1967)
19	Potassium	K+	c	399 x 106	Culkin and Cox (1966)
20	Calcium	Ca2+	almost c	412 x 106	Horibe et al. (1974)
21	Scandium		(s+n)	0.70	Brewer et al. (1972)
22	Titanium		s+n	6.5	Orians et al. (1990)
23	Vanadium		almost c	2.0 x 103	Collier (1984)
24	Chromium	Cr(VI)	r+n	210	Nakayama et al. (1981)
		Cr(III)	r+s	2	Nakayama et al. (1981)
25	Manganese		s	20	Landing and Bruland (1980)
26	Iron		s+n	30	Martin et al. (1989)
27	Cobalt		s	1.2	Martin et al. (1989)
28	Nickel		n	480	Bruland (1980)
29	Copper		s+n	150	Bruland (1980)
30	Zinc		n	350	Bruland (1980)
31	Gallium		s+n	1.2	Orians and Bruland (1988)
32	Germanium		n	5.5	Froelich and Andreae (1981)
33	Arsenic	As(V)	r+n	1.2 x 103	Andreae (1979)
		As(III)	r+s	5.2	Andreae (1979)
34	Selenium	Se(VI)	r+n	100	Measures et al. (1980)
		Se(IV)	r+n	55	Measures et al. (1980)
35	Bromine	Br-	c	67 x 106	Morris and Riley (1966)
36	Krypton	Dissolved gas	c	310	Bieri et al. (1968)
37	Rubidium	Rb+	c	0.12 x 106	Spencer et al. (1970)
38	Strontium	Sr2+	almost c	7.8 x 106	Brass and Turekian (1974)
39	Yttrium		n	17	Zhang et al. (1994)
40	Zirconium		s+n	15	McKelvey and Orians (1993)
41	Niobium		?	<5	Carlisle and Hummerstone (1958)
42	Molybdenum		c	10 x 103	Morris (1975)
43	Technetium
44	Ruthenium		?	<0.005	Koide et al. (1986)
45	Rhodium		n	0.08	Bertine et al. (1993)
46	Palladium		n	0.06	Lee (1983)
47	Silver		n	2.0	Martin et al. (1983)
48	Cadmium		n	70	Bruland (1980)
49	Indium		s	0.01	Amakawa et al. (1996)
50	Tin		s	0.5	Byrd and Andreae (1982)
51	Antimony		almost c	200	Brewer et al. (1972)
52	Tellurium	Te(VI)	r+s	0.05	Lee and Edmond (1985)
		Te(IV)	r+s	0.02	Lee and Edmond (1985)
53	Iodine	I(V)	almost c	58 x 103	Nakayama et al. (1989)
		I(-I)	(r+s)	4.4	Nakayama et al. (1989)
54	Xenon	Dissolved gas	c	66	Mazor et al. (1964)
55	Cesium	Cs+	c	306	Spencer et al. (1970)
56	Barium	Ba2+	n	15 x 103	Chan et al. (1977)
57	Lanthanum		n	5.6	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
58	Cerium		s	0.7	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
59	Praseodymium		n	0.7	Zhang et al. (1994)
60	Neodymium		n	3.3	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
61	Promethium
62	Samarium		n	0.57	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
63	Europium		n	0.17	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
64	Gadolinium		n	0.9	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
65	Terbium		n	0.17	Zhang et al. (1994)
66	Dysprosium		n	1.1	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
67	Holmium		n	0.36	Zhang et al. (1994)
68	Erbium		n	1.2	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
69	Thulium		n	0.2	Zhang et al. (1994)
70	Ytterbium		n	1.2	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
71	Lutetium		n	0.23	Piepgras and Jacobsen (1992)
72	Hafnium		?	3.4	Boswell and Elderfield (1988)
73	Tantalum		?	<2.5	Schutz and Turekian (1965)
74	Tungsten		c	10	Sohrin et al. (1987)
75	Rhenium		c	7.8	Anbar et al. (1992)
76	Osmium		?	0.002	Koide et al. (1996)
77	Iridium		?	0.00013	Anbar et al. (1996)
78	Platinum		(c)	0.05	Colodner et al. (1993)
79	Gold		(c)	0.02	Falkner and Edmond (1990)
80	Mercury		(s+n)	0.14	Gill and Bruland (1987)
81	Thallium		almost c	13	Flegal and Patterson (1985)
82	Lead		s	2.7	Schaule and Patterson (1981)
83	Bismuth		s	0.03	Lee et al. (1985)
84	Polonium		s		Nozaki and Tsunogai (1976)
85	Astatine
86	Radon	Dissolved gas	c		Broecker (1965)
87	Francium
88	Radium	Ra2+	n	0.00013	Chung and Craig (1980)
89	Actinium		s+n		Nozaki (1984)
90	Thorium		s	0.02	Roy-Barman et al. (1996)
91	Protactinium		s		Nozaki and Nakanishi (1985)
92	Uranium		c	3.2 x 103	Chen et al. (1986)
93	Neptunium
94	Plutonium		(r+s)		Bowen et al. (1980)
95	Americium		(s)		Livingstone et al. (1985)