Radiation and in-situ measurements collected during the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX) are used to test the method for remote sensing of aerosol properties and loading from the MODIS instrument. MODIS, a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, will be launched in 1999 aboard the first EOS (Earth Observing System). Following the MODIS procedure [Tanré et al, 1997], the spectral radiance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) measured over the ocean in a wide spectral range (0.55–2.13 μm) is used to derive the aerosol optical thickness (proportional to the aerosol total loading) and the aerosol size distribution (integrated over the vertical column) of the ambient (undisturbed) aerosol by comparing measured radiances with values in look-up table (LUT). The LUT includes the gas-phase oxidation accumulation mode, cloud-phase accumulation mode, and a coarse mode that represents maritime particles (salt) and dust. In each inversion, one accumulation and one coarse mode can be retrieved. The inversion retrieves the ratio of the contribution to the optical thicknesses of the two particle modes and the mean particle size that best fits the measurements. This algorithm is successfully applied to the data sets acquired during TARFOX. The MODIS airborne simulator (MAS) aboard the NASA ER-2 aircraft flew several times during the experiment above the University of Washington C-131A research aircraft on which the six-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sun Photometer (AATS-6) was mounted. It flew also above surface-based Sun photometers. Optical thicknesses (at λ = 550 nm) as well as the spectral dependence from the various data sets compare very well.