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Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
SGT Incorporated, New York, New York, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
Department of Geology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, New York, USA
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
Center for Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
Honeywell International, Buffalo, New York, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
E. O. Hulbert Center for Space Research, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C., USA
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, U.K.
Meteorological Office Hadley Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, U.K.
Earth System Science Center, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
We define the radiative forcings used in climate simulations with the SI2000 version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) global climate model. These include temporal variations of well-mixed greenhouse gases, stratospheric aerosols, solar irradiance, ozone, stratospheric water vapor, and tropospheric aerosols. Our illustrations focus on the period 1951–2050, but we make the full data sets available for those forcings for which we have earlier data. We illustrate the global response to these forcings for the SI2000 model with specified sea surface temperature and with a simple Q-flux ocean, thus helping to characterize the efficacy of each forcing. The model yields good agreement with observed global temperature change and heat storage in the ocean. This agreement does not yield an improved assessment of climate sensitivity or a confirmation of the net climate forcing because of possible compensations with opposite changes of these quantities. Nevertheless, the results imply that observed global temperature change during the past 50 years is primarily a response to radiative forcings. It is also inferred that the planet is now out of radiation balance by 0.5 to 1 W/m2 and that additional global warming of about 0.5°C is already “in the pipeline.”
Published 20 September 2002.
Citation: (2002), Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D18), 4347, doi:10.1029/2001JD001143.
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