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AGU: Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmospheres

 

Index Terms

  • Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions
  • Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Numerical modeling and data assimilation
  • Hydrology: Frozen ground
  • Hydrology: Water/energy interactions
  • Hydrology: Snow and ice
Abstract
Cited By (4)
 

Abstract

An extension of the force-restore method to estimating soil temperature at depth and evaluation for frozen soils under snow

Tomoyoshi Hirota

National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (NARO), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

John W. Pomeroy

Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK

Raoul J. Granger

Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Charles P. Maule

Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

The force-restore method (FRM) was originally developed for estimating diurnal fluctuations in the ground surface temperature. Because of its relatively simple parameterization, it is commonly applied in meteorological and other models for this purpose. Its application to the calculation of deeper soil temperatures, to frozen soils, and to soils under snow covers has heretofore not been possible. This study demonstrates an extension of the FRM that permits accurate estimates of seasonal variation in mean daily deep soil temperature. The extended FRM is shown to provide a lower boundary condition for the heat conduction method, permitting a combination of the two approaches that avoids some limitations of each. The combined approach provides representations of the mean daily soil temperature, soil temperature at depth in frozen soils, and ground surface temperature under a snow cover. Diurnal variations can also be calculated. The extended method and combined approaches are tested using field site measurements collected in cold weather periods in Saskatchewan, Canada, and are found to provide a reasonable representation of measurements.

Published 20 December 2002.

Citation: Hirota, T., J. W. Pomeroy, R. J. Granger, and C. P. Maule (2002), An extension of the force-restore method to estimating soil temperature at depth and evaluation for frozen soils under snow, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4767, doi:10.1029/2001JD001280.

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