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WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,
VOL. 38, NO. 10,
1205,
doi:10.1029/2001WR000759,
2002
Macroscale water fluxes 1. Quantifying errors in the estimation of basin mean precipitation
P. C. D. Milly
U. S. Geological Survey and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA,
Princeton,
New Jersey,
USA
K. A. Dunne
U. S. Geological Survey and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA,
Princeton,
New Jersey,
USA
Abstract
Developments in analysis and modeling of continental water and energy balances are hindered by the limited availability and
quality of observational data. The lack of information on error characteristics of basin water supply is an especially serious
limitation. Here we describe the development and testing of methods for quantifying several errors in basin mean precipitation,
both in the long-term mean and in the monthly and annual anomalies. To quantify errors in the long-term mean, two error indices
are developed and tested with positive results. The first provides an estimate of the variance of the spatial sampling error
of long-term basin mean precipitation obtained from a gauge network, in the absence of orographic effects; this estimate is
obtained by use only of the gauge records. The second gives a simple estimate of the basin mean orographic bias as a function
of the topographic structure of the basin and the locations of gauges therein. Neither index requires restrictive statistical
assumptions (such as spatial homogeneity) about the precipitation process. Adjustments of precipitation for gauge bias and
estimates of the adjustment errors are made by applying results of a previous study. Additionally, standard correlation-based
methods are applied for the quantification of spatial sampling errors in the estimation of monthly and annual values of basin
mean precipitation. These methods also perform well, as indicated by network subsampling tests in densely gauged basins. The
methods are developed and applied with data for 175 large (median area of 51,000 km2) river basins of the world for which contemporaneous, continuous (missing fewer than 2% of data values), long-term (median
record length of 54 years) river discharge records are also available. Spatial coverage of the resulting river basin data
set is greatest in the middle latitudes, though many basins are located in the tropics and the high latitudes, and the data
set spans the major climatic and vegetation zones of the world. This new data set can be applied in diagnostic and theoretical
studies of water balance of large basins and in the evaluation of performance of global models of land water balance.
Published 23
October
2002.
Index Terms: 1854 Hydrology: Precipitation (3354); 1869 Hydrology: Stochastic processes; 1894 Hydrology: Instruments and techniques.
Read Full Article (file size: 914859 bytes) Cited by
Citation: Milly, P. C. D., and K. A. Dunne
(2002),
Macroscale water fluxes 1. Quantifying errors in the estimation of basin mean precipitation,
Water Resour. Res.,
38(10),
1205,
doi:10.1029/2001WR000759.
This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. Published in 2002 by the
American Geophysical Union.
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