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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. D24, 4764, doi:10.1029/2002JD002081, 2002

Mercury concentrations in coastal California precipitation: Evidence of local and trans-Pacific fluxes of mercury to North America

Douglas J. Steding

WIGS Laboratory Group, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA


A. Russell Flegal

WIGS Laboratory Group, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA


Abstract

Because of mercury's (Hg) relatively high vapor pressure and long (0.5–2 years) atmospheric residence, there is the potential for long-range transport of contaminant Hg. Many studies have focused on that transport and deposition in central and eastern North America, Europe, and the Arctic, but there has been little research on the cycling of Hg in the western coast of North America. That deficiency is addressed in this preliminary study, which indicates there is long-range transport of Hg across the North Pacific. This transport is evidenced by the elevated (relative to equatorial and theoretical baseline) Hg concentrations in rainwater collected on the coast of California, as well as by the positive correlation between North Pacific storm tracks and Hg concentrations, with maximum concentrations associated with storms from 20°–40° latitude. Those tracks trace air masses containing industrial emissions with peak O3 concentrations moving eastward off the Asian continent. The Asian fluxes appear to enhance Hg concentrations both directly, through the emission of particle-bound Hg and reactive Hg2+, and indirectly, by increasing the rate of oxidation of Hg0 in the atmosphere. Superimposed on the trans-Pacific background of industrial Hg is a local signal, with elevated concentrations at the urban site relative to the more pristine coastal site in California. This secondary enrichment is tentatively attributed to elevated local emissions of redox species, including O3 and its precursors, which increase oxidation rates of Hg0 in the atmosphere and Hg concentrations in precipitation.

Published 19 December 2002.

Index Terms: 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—constituent transport and chemistry; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305).

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Citation: Steding, D. J., and A. R. Flegal (2002), Mercury concentrations in coastal California precipitation: Evidence of local and trans-Pacific fluxes of mercury to North America, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4764, doi:10.1029/2002JD002081.