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Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO
Department of Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
Climate Research Division, Met Office, Bracknell, UK
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Institute of Meteorology and Physics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Department of Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Department für Radio- und Umweltchemie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Department of Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Institute of Meteorology and Physics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Institute of Meteorology and Physics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands
Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator, Vienna, Austria
Institute of Meteorology and Physics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Institute for Meteorology and Climatology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Department für Radio- und Umweltchemie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, Netherlands
Department für Radio- und Umweltchemie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Institute for Meteorology and Climatology, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
This paper provides a review of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE), with a focus on processes in the extratropics. It also addresses the relevance of STE for tropospheric chemistry, particularly its influence on the oxidative capacity of the troposphere. After summarizing the current state of knowledge, the objectives of the project Influence of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in a Changing Climate on Atmospheric Transport and Oxidation Capacity (STACCATO), recently funded by the European Union, are outlined. Several papers in this Journal of Geophysical Research–Atmospheres special section present the results of this project, of which this paper gives an overview. STACCATO developed a new concept of STE in the extratropics, explored the capacities of different types of methods and models to diagnose STE, and identified their various strengths and shortcomings. Extensive measurements were made in central Europe, including the first monitoring over an extended period of time of beryllium-10 (10Be), to provide a suitable database for case studies of stratospheric intrusions and for model validation. Photochemical models were used to examine the impact of STE on tropospheric ozone and the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. Studies of the present interannual variability of STE and projections into the future were made using reanalysis data and climate models.
Published 10 May 2003.
Citation: (2003), Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 8516, doi:10.1029/2002JD002490.
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