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WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 39, NO. 12, 1326, doi:10.1029/2002WR001691, 2003

Effect of isolated fractures on accelerated flow in unsaturated porous rock

Grace W. Su

U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA


John R. Nimmo

U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA


Maria I. Dragila

Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA


Abstract

Fractures that begin and end in the unsaturated zone, or isolated fractures, have been ignored in previous studies because they were generally assumed to behave as capillary barriers and remain nonconductive. We conducted a series of experiments using Berea sandstone samples to examine the physical mechanisms controlling flow in a rock containing a single isolated fracture. The input fluxes and fracture orientation were varied in these experiments. Visualization experiments using dyed water in a thin vertical slab of rock were conducted to identify flow mechanisms occurring due to the presence of the isolated fracture. Two mechanisms occurred: (1) localized flow through the rock matrix in the vicinity of the isolated fracture and (2) pooling of water at the bottom of the fracture, indicating the occurrence of film flow along the isolated fracture wall. These mechanisms were observed at fracture angles of 20 and 60 degrees from the horizontal, but not at 90 degrees. Pooling along the bottom of the fracture was observed over a wider range of input fluxes for low-angled isolated fractures compared to high-angled ones. Measurements of matrix water pressures in the samples with the 20 and 60 degree fractures also demonstrated that preferential flow occurred through the matrix in the fracture vicinity, where higher pressures occurred in the regions where faster flow was observed in the visualization experiments. The pooling length at the terminus of a 20 degree isolated fracture was measured as a function of input flux. Calculations of the film flow rate along the fracture were made using these measurements and indicated that up to 22% of the flow occurred as film flow. These experiments, apparently the first to consider isolated fractures, demonstrate that such features can accelerate flow through the unsaturated zone and should be considered when developing conceptual models.

Received 27 August 2002; accepted 17 September 2003; published 2 December 2003.

Index Terms: 1829 Hydrology: Groundwater hydrology; 1832 Hydrology: Groundwater transport; 1875 Hydrology: Unsaturated zone.

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Citation: Su, G. W., J. R. Nimmo, and M. I. Dragila (2003), Effect of isolated fractures on accelerated flow in unsaturated porous rock, Water Resour. Res., 39(12), 1326, doi:10.1029/2002WR001691.