Abstract
Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics
Geological Survey of Japan, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Unite Mixte de Recherche CEA-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Unite Mixte de Recherche CEA-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Program in Atmospheres, Oceans and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Frontier Research System for Global Change, Yokohama, Japan
Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Max Planck Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
Program in Atmospheres, Oceans and Climate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
CSIRO Division of Marine Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Unite Mixte de Recherche CEA-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation, Bangalore, India
Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Frontier Research System for Global Change, Yokohama, Japan
Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Unite Mixte de Recherche CEA-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
New radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon-11 data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are used to assess a suite of 19 ocean carbon cycle models. We use the distributions and inventories of these tracers as quantitative metrics of model skill and find that only about a quarter of the suite is consistent with the new data-based metrics. This should serve as a warning bell to the larger community that not all is well with current generation of ocean carbon cycle models. At the same time, this highlights the danger in simply using the available models to represent the state-of-the-art modeling without considering the credibility of each model.
Received 25 December 2003; accepted 5 March 2004; published 2 April 2004.
Citation: (2004), Evaluation of ocean carbon cycle models with data-based metrics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07303, doi:10.1029/2003GL018970.
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