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GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 31, L12209, doi:10.1029/2004GL020137, 2004

The footprint of urban climates on vegetation phenology

Xiaoyang Zhang

Department of Geography and Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA


Mark A. Friedl

Department of Geography and Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA


Crystal B. Schaaf

Department of Geography and Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA


Alan H. Strahler

Department of Geography and Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA


Annemarie Schneider

Department of Geography and Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA


Abstract

Human activity, through changing land use and other activities, is the most fundamental source of environmental change on the Earth. Urbanization and the resultant “urban heat islands” provide a means for evaluating the effect of climate warming on vegetation phenology. Using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, we analyzed urban-rural differences in vegetation phenological transition dates and land surface temperatures for urban areas larger than 10 km2 in eastern North America. The results show that the effect of urban climates on vegetation phenology decays exponentially with distance from urban areas with substantial influence up to 10 km beyond the edge of urban land cover, and that the ecological “footprint” of urban climates is about 2.4 times that of urban land use in eastern North America. The net effect is an increase in the growing season by about 15 days in urban areas relative to adjacent unaffected rural areas.

Received 31 March 2004; accepted 26 May 2004; published 25 June 2004.

Index Terms: 0315 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Biosphere/atmosphere interactions; 0330 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Geochemical cycles; 1615 Global Change: Biogeochemical processes (4805); 1620 Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309); 1640 Global Change: Remote sensing.

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Citation: Zhang, X., M. A. Friedl, C. B. Schaaf, A. H. Strahler, and A. Schneider (2004), The footprint of urban climates on vegetation phenology, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12209, doi:10.1029/2004GL020137.