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SPACE WEATHER, VOL. 3, S08C03, doi:10.1029/2004SW000123, 2005

Geomagnetic storm of 29–31 October 2003: Geomagnetically induced currents and their relation to problems in the Swedish high-voltage power transmission system

Antti Pulkkinen

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA


Sture Lindahl

Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation, Lund University of Technology, Lund, Sweden


Ari Viljanen

Space Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland


Risto Pirjola

Space Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland


Abstract

On 30 October 2003, an ongoing geomagnetic superstorm knocked down a part of the high-voltage power transmission system in southern Sweden. The blackout lasted for an hour and left about 50,000 customers without electricity. The incident was probably the most severe geomagnetically induced current (GIC) failure observed since the well-known March 1989 Québec blackout. The “three-phase” storm produced exceptionally large geomagnetic activity at the Fennoscandian auroral region. Although the diversity of the GIC drivers is addressed in the study, the problems in operating the Swedish system during the storm are attributed geophysically to substorms, storm sudden commencement, and enhanced ionospheric convection, all of which created large and complex geoelectric fields capable of driving large GIC. On the basis of the basic twofold nature of the failure-related geoelectric field characteristics, a semideterministic approach for forecasting GIC-related geomagnetic activity in which average overall activity is supplemented with statistical estimations of the amplitudes of GIC fluctuations is suggested. The study revealed that the primary mode of GIC-related failures in the Swedish high-voltage power transmission system were via harmonic distortions produced by GIC combined with too sensitive operation of the protective relays. The outage in Malmö on 30 October 2003 was caused by a combination of an abnormal switching state of the system and tripping of a low-set residual overcurrent relay that had a high sensitivity for the third harmonic of the fundamental frequency.

Received 5 October 2004; accepted 31 May 2005; published 25 August 2005.

Keywords: space weather effects; geomagnetically induced currents; magnetic storms; substorms; ionospheric currents.

Index Terms: 7904 Space Weather: Geomagnetically induced currents; 1515 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism: Geomagnetic induction; 2407 Ionosphere: Auroral ionosphere (2704); 2788 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetic storms and substorms (7954).

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Citation: Pulkkinen, A., S. Lindahl, A. Viljanen, and R. Pirjola (2005), Geomagnetic storm of 29–31 October 2003: Geomagnetically induced currents and their relation to problems in the Swedish high-voltage power transmission system, Space Weather, 3, S08C03, doi:10.1029/2004SW000123.