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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 110, D21301, doi:10.1029/2005JD005963, 2005

Extinction of UV-visible radiation in wet midlatitude (maritime) snow: Implications for increased NOx emission

F. N. Fisher

Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, UK
Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK


M. D. King

Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK


J. Lee-Taylor

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA


Abstract

A field and modeling study of the optical properties of wet midlatitude (maritime) mountainous snowpack is presented. The snowpacks were found to have greater UV penetration depths than polar (tundra) snowpacks and consequently may release more NO2 gas to the atmosphere during the photolytic destruction of nitrate anions in the snowpack for a given spherical irradiance. Fluxes of NO2 to the troposphere as a result of NO3 − photolysis were calculated for different measured e-folding depths using tropospheric ultraviolet-visible (TUV)–modeled actinic flux data assuming all the NO2 can leave the snowpack and the photolysis of nitrate is the rate-limiting step. These calculated fluxes ranged from 3.3 to 7.6 kg km−2 yr−1 (assuming 150 days of snow cover a year), significantly more than polar snowpacks by a factor of 4–10. The fieldwork measured liquid equivalent e-folding depths of 3.74–14.66 cm (e-folding depths of 7.25–32.4 cm−1) at four sites in the Cairngorm mountain range, Scotland (57°07′N, 3°40′W), during the winter of 2003. The wavelength range studied was 300–450 nm. The snowpacks consisted predominantly of windblown rounded grains ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 mm in diameter. The liquid water content of the snowpacks varied between the sites, which were visited up to three times to observe temporal changes in the physical composition and optical properties of the snowpack. The snowpack was modeled using the TUV radiative-transfer model, calculating scattering cross sections (σscatt) between 1 and 5 m2 kg−1. The absorption coefficient due to impurities (σ abs +) was also modeled and was found to be approximately 1.0 cm2 kg−1. Three optically different snowpack categories are suggested: cold, dry polar (tundra) snowpacks, σscatt = 20–30 m2 kg−1; warmer polar coastal (maritime) snowpacks, σscatt = 6–13 m2 kg−1; and melting midlatitude mountainous (maritime) snow, σscatt = 1–5 m2 kg−1. Thus for midlatitude wet snow, 85% of photochemistry is likely to occur in the top 15–60 cm.

Received 10 March 2005; accepted 21 July 2005; published 2 November 2005.

Keywords: NOx; snow.

Index Terms: 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Radiation: transmission and scattering; 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863); 0368 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: constituent transport and chemistry; 0724 Cryosphere: Ice cores (4932).

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Citation: Fisher, F. N., M. D. King, and J. Lee-Taylor (2005), Extinction of UV-visible radiation in wet midlatitude (maritime) snow: Implications for increased NOx emission, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21301, doi:10.1029/2005JD005963.