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Mössbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills
NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Space Research Institute IKI, Moscow, Russia
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
CVRD Group, Vitoria, Brazil
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Space Research Institute IKI, Moscow, Russia
Space Research Institute IKI, Moscow, Russia
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
The Mössbauer spectrometer on Spirit measured the oxidation state of Fe, identified Fe-bearing phases, and measured relative abundances of Fe among those phases for surface materials on the plains and in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. Eight Fe-bearing phases were identified: olivine, pyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, nanophase ferric oxide (npOx), hematite, goethite, and a Fe3+-sulfate. Adirondack basaltic rocks on the plains are nearly unaltered (Fe3+/FeT < 0.2) with Fe from olivine, pyroxene (Ol > Px), and minor npOx and magnetite. Columbia Hills basaltic rocks are nearly unaltered (Peace and Backstay), moderately altered (WoolyPatch, Wishstone, and Keystone), and pervasively altered (e.g., Clovis, Uchben, Watchtower, Keel, and Paros with Fe3+/FeT ∼ 0.6–0.9). Fe from pyroxene is greater than Fe from olivine (Ol sometimes absent), and Fe2+ from Ol + Px is 40–49% and 9–24% for moderately and pervasively altered materials, respectively. Ilmenite (Fe from Ilm ∼3–6%) is present in Backstay, Wishstone, Keystone, and related rocks along with magnetite (Fe from Mt ∼10–15%). Remaining Fe is present as npOx, hematite, and goethite in variable proportions. Clovis has the highest goethite content (Fe from Gt = 40%). Goethite (α-FeOOH) is mineralogical evidence for aqueous processes because it has structural hydroxide and is formed under aqueous conditions. Relatively unaltered basaltic soils (Fe3+/FeT ∼ 0.3) occur throughout Gusev crater (∼60–80% Fe from Ol + Px, ∼10–30% from npOx, and ∼10% from Mt). PasoRobles soil in the Columbia Hills has a unique occurrence of high concentrations of Fe3+-sulfate (∼65% of Fe). Magnetite is identified as a strongly magnetic phase in Martian soil and dust.
Received 1 September 2005; accepted 9 December 2005; published 22 February 2006.
Citation: (2006), Mössbauer mineralogy of rock, soil, and dust at Gusev crater, Mars: Spirit's journey through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E02S13, doi:10.1029/2005JE002584.
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