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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,
VOL. 111,
D24S05,
19 PP., 2006
doi:10.1029/2006JD007306
Large upper tropospheric ozone enhancements above midlatitude North America during summer: In situ evidence from the IONS and MOZAIC ozone measurement network
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana, USA
Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Experimental Studies Research Division, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada
Laboratoire d'Aerologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees, Toulouse, France
Meteorological Service of Canada, Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
Atmospheric Science Department, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
Wallops Flight Facility, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Island, Virginia, USA
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Service d'Aéronomie, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Department of Ecology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Table Mountain Facility, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Wrightwood, California, USA
Table Mountain Facility, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Wrightwood, California, USA
The most extensive set of free tropospheric ozone measurements ever compiled across midlatitude North America was measured with daily ozonesondes, commercial aircraft and a lidar at 14 sites during July-August 2004. The model estimated stratospheric ozone was subtracted from all profiles, leaving a tropospheric residual ozone. On average the upper troposphere above midlatitude eastern North America contained 15 ppbv more tropospheric residual ozone than the more polluted layer between the surface and 2 km above sea level. Lowest ozone values in the upper troposphere were found above the two upwind sites in California. The upper troposphere above midlatitude eastern North America contained 16 ppbv more tropospheric residual ozone than the upper troposphere above three upwind sites, with the greatest enhancement above Houston, Texas, at 24 ppbv. Upper tropospheric CO measurements above east Texas show no statistically significant enhancement compared to west coast measurements, arguing against a strong influence from fresh surface anthropogenic emissions to the upper troposphere above Texas where the ozone enhancement is greatest. Vertical mixing of ozone from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere can only account for 2 ppbv of the 16 ppbv ozone enhancement above eastern North America; therefore the remaining 14 ppbv must be the result of in situ ozone production. The transport of NOx tracers from North American anthropogenic, biogenic, biomass burning, and lightning emissions was simulated for the upper troposphere of North America with a particle dispersion model. Additional box model calculations suggest the 24 ppbv ozone enhancement above Houston can be produced over a 10 day period from oxidation reactions of lightning NOx and background mixing ratios of CO and CH4. Overall, we estimate that 69–84% (11–13 ppbv) of the 16 ppbv ozone enhancement above eastern North America is due to in situ ozone production from lightning NOx with the remainder due to transport of ozone from the surface or in situ ozone production from other sources of NOx.
Received 16 March 2006; accepted 21 September 2006; published 12 December 2006.
Citation: (2006), Large upper tropospheric ozone enhancements above midlatitude North America during summer: In situ evidence from the IONS and MOZAIC ozone measurement network, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24S05, doi:10.1029/2006JD007306.
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