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Transport in the subtropical lowermost stratosphere during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Geosciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Sonoma, California, USA
Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Sonoma, California, USA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
We use in situ measurements of water vapor (H2O), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and total reactive nitrogen (NOy) obtained during the CRYSTAL-FACE campaign in July 2002 to study summertime transport in the subtropical lowermost stratosphere. We use an objective methodology to distinguish the latitudinal origin of the sampled air masses despite the influence of convection, and we calculate backward trajectories to elucidate their recent geographical history. The methodology consists of exploring the statistical behavior of the data by performing multivariate clustering and agglomerative hierarchical clustering calculations and projecting cluster groups onto principal component space to identify air masses of like composition and hence presumed origin. The statistically derived cluster groups are then examined in physical space using tracer-tracer correlation plots. Interpretation of the principal component analysis suggests that the variability in the data is accounted for primarily by the mean age of air in the stratosphere, followed by the age of the convective influence, and last by the extent of convective influence, potentially related to the latitude of convective injection (Dessler and Sherwood, 2004). We find that high-latitude stratospheric air is the dominant source region during the beginning of the campaign while tropical air is the dominant source region during the rest of the campaign. Influence of convection from both local and nonlocal events is frequently observed. The identification of air mass origin is confirmed with backward trajectories, and the behavior of the trajectories is associated with the North American monsoon circulation.
Received 28 July 2006; accepted 21 November 2006; published 20 April 2007.
Citation: (2007), Transport in the subtropical lowermost stratosphere during the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D08304, doi:10.1029/2006JD007851.
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