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The arctic freshwater system: Changes and impacts
Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
Resilience and Adaptive Management Group, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
Agronomy, Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Huntington Consulting, Eagle River, Alaska, USA
Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
Resilience and Adaptive Management Group, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Marine Science Institute, University of Texas, Port Aransas, Texas, USA
Marine Biology Laboratory, Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Dramatic changes have been observed in the Arctic over the last century. Many of these involve the storage and cycling of fresh water. On land, precipitation and river discharge, lake abundance and size, glacier area and volume, soil moisture, and a variety of permafrost characteristics have changed. In the ocean, sea ice thickness and areal coverage have decreased and water mass circulation patterns have shifted, changing freshwater pathways and sea ice cover dynamics. Precipitation onto the ocean surface has also changed. Such changes are expected to continue, and perhaps accelerate, in the coming century, enhanced by complex feedbacks between the oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial freshwater systems. Change to the arctic freshwater system heralds changes for our global physical and ecological environment as well as human activities in the Arctic. In this paper we review observed changes in the arctic freshwater system over the last century in terrestrial, atmospheric, and oceanic systems.
Received 25 October 2006; accepted 26 April 2007; published 20 November 2007.
Citation: (2007), The arctic freshwater system: Changes and impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G04S54, doi:10.1029/2006JG000353.
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