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AGU: Water Resources Research

 

Keywords

  • eddy covariance
  • forests
  • Penman-Monteith
  • wetlands

Index Terms

  • Hydrology: Eco-hydrology
  • Hydrology: Evapotranspiration
  • Hydrology: Modeling
  • Hydrology: Water/energy interactions
Abstract
Cited By (5)
 

Abstract

Environmental drivers of evapotranspiration in a shrub wetland and an upland forest in northern Wisconsin

D. Scott Mackay

Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

Brent E. Ewers

Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA

Bruce D. Cook

Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

Kenneth J. Davis

Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

To improve our predictive understanding of daily total evapotranspiration (E T), we quantified the differential impact of environmental drivers, radiation (Q), and vapor pressure deficit (D) in a wetland and upland forest. Latent heat fluxes were measured using eddy covariance techniques, and data from four growing seasons were used to test for (1) environmental drivers of E T between the sites, (2) interannual differences in E T responses to environmental drivers, and (3) changes in E T responses to environmental drivers between the leaf expansion period and midsummer. Two simple E T models derived from coupling theory, one radiation-based model, and another using mass transfer were used to examine the mechanisms underlying the drivers of E T. During summer months, E T from the wetland was driven primarily by Q, whereas it was driven by D in the upland. During the leaf expansion period in the upland forest the dominant driver was Q. E T from the wetland was linearly related to net radiation using coupling coefficients ranging from a low of 0.3–0.6 to a high of 1.0 between early May and midsummer. Interannually, E T from the upland forest exhibited near linear responses to D, with an effective reference canopy stomatal conductance varying from 1 to 5 mm s−1. The results show that E T predictions in northern Wisconsin and other mixed wetland-upland forests need to consider both wetland and upland forest processes. Furthermore, leaf phenology effects on E T represent a knowledge gap in our understanding of seasonal environmental drivers.

Received 4 May 2006; accepted 22 November 2006; published 31 March 2007.

Citation: Mackay, D. S., B. E. Ewers, B. D. Cook, and K. J. Davis (2007), Environmental drivers of evapotranspiration in a shrub wetland and an upland forest in northern Wisconsin, Water Resour. Res., 43, W03442, doi:10.1029/2006WR005149.

Cited By

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