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Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Geological Sciences and Marine Science Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques, Universities Paris 7 and Paris 12, UMR7583, CNRS, Créteil, France
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Trinity Consultants, Irvine, California, USA
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, New South Wales, Australia
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli, Turkey
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques, Universities Paris 7 and Paris 12, UMR7583, CNRS, Créteil, France
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Nuclear Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
U.S. Geological Survey, Vancouver, Washington, USA
Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Chemistry Department, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
Laboratory of Forest Information, Division of Forestry and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
A worldwide compilation of atmospheric total phosphorus (TP) and phosphate (PO4) concentration and deposition flux observations are combined with transport model simulations to derive the global distribution of concentrations and deposition fluxes of TP and PO4. Our results suggest that mineral aerosols are the dominant source of TP on a global scale (82%), with primary biogenic particles (12%) and combustion sources (5%) important in nondusty regions. Globally averaged anthropogenic inputs are estimated to be ∼5 and 15% for TP and PO4, respectively, and may contribute as much as 50% to the deposition over the oligotrophic ocean where productivity may be phosphorus-limited. There is a net loss of TP from many (but not all) land ecosystems and a net gain of TP by the oceans (560 Gg P a−1). More measurements of atmospheric TP and PO4 will assist in reducing uncertainties in our understanding of the role that atmospheric phosphorus may play in global biogeochemistry.
Received 15 April 2008; accepted 9 October 2008; published 31 December 2008.
Citation: (2008), Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB4026, doi:10.1029/2008GB003240.
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