References

Baker, M. B., A. M. Blyth, H. J. Christian, J. Latham, K. L. Miller, A. M. Gadian, Relationships between lightning activity and various thundercloud parameters: Satellite and modeling studies, Atmos. Res., 51 221 1999.

Boccippio, D. J., S. J. Goodman, S. Heckman, Regional differences in tropical lightning distributions, J. Appl. Meteorol., 39 2231 2000.

Brook, M., R. Tennis, C. Rhodes, P. Krehbiel, B. Vonnegut, O. H. Vaughan, Simultaneous observations of lightning radiations from above and below clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7267 1980.

Brook, M., C. Rhodes, O. H. Vaughan, R. E. Orville, B. Vonnegut, Nighttime observations of thunderstorm electrical activity from a high altitude plane, J. Geophys. Res., 906111 1985.

Christian, H. J., J. Latham, Satellite measurements of total lightning, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124 1771 1998.

Christian, H. J., R. J. Blakeslee, S. J. Goodman, The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 94 13329 1989.

Cummins, K. L., M. J. Murphy, E. A. Bardo, W. L. Hiscox, R. B. Pyle, A. E. Pifer, A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network, J. Geophys. Res., 103 9038-9044 1998.

Goodman, S. J., H. J. Christian, W. D. Rust, A comparison of the optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 27 1369 1988.

Guo, C., E. P. Krider, The optical and radiation field signatures produced by lightning return strokes, J. Geophys. Res., 87 8913 1982.

Jacobson, A. R., S. O. Knox, R. C. Franz, D. C. Enemark, FORTE observations of lightning radio-frequency signatures: Capabilities and basic results, Radio Sci., 34337 1999.

Jacobson, A. R., K. L. Cummins, M. Carter, P. Klingner, D. Roussel-Dupre, S. O. Knox, FORTE radio-frequency observations of lightning strokes detected by the National Lightning Detection Network, J. Geophys. Res., 105 15653 2000.

MacKerras, D., Photoelectric observations of the light emitted by lightning flashes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35521 1973.

MacKerras, D., M. Darveniza, R. E. Orville, E. R. Williams, S. J. Goodman, Global lightning: Total, cloud and ground flash estimates, J. Geophys. Res., 103 19791-19809 1998.

Massey, R. S., D. N. Holden, X.-M. Shao, Phenomenology of trans-ionospheric pulse pairs: Further observations, Radio Sci., 33 1755 1998a.

Massey, R. S., S. O. Knox, R. C. Franz, D. N. Holden, C. T. Rhodes, Measurements of trans-ionospheric radio propagation parameters using the FORTE satellite, Radio Sci., 33 1739 1998b.

Sparrow, J. G., E. P. Ney, Lightning observations by satellite, Nature, 232 540 1971.

Suszcynsky, D. M., M. W. Kirkland, A. R. Jacobson, R. C. Franz, S. O. Knox, J. L. L. Guillen, J. L. Green, FORTE observations of simultaneous VHF and optical emissions from lightning: Basic phenomenology, J. Geophys. Res., 105 2191 2000.

Suszcynsky, D. M., T. E. Light, S. Davis, J. L. Green, J. L. L. Guillen, Coordinated observations of optical lightning from space using the FORTE photodiode detector and CCD imager, J. Geophys., 106 17897-17906 2001.

Turman, B. N., Detection of lightning superbolts, J. Geophys. Res., 82 2566 1977.

Turman, B. N., Analysis of lightning data from the DMSP satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 83 5019 1978.

Vonnegut, B., O. H. Vaughan, M. Brook, Photographs of Lightning from the space shuttle, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 64 150 1983.

Vorpahl, J. A., J. G. Sparrow, E. P. Ney, Satellite observations of lightning, Science, 169 860 1970.

Next: Figures and Plates Up: Optical observations Previous: Acknowledgments