JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. E4, 8032, doi:10.1029/2002JE001864, 2003

Article Map

Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Rock Glacier Definitions
3. Terrestrial Models of Rock Glacier and Protalus Lobe Formation

3.1. Rock Glaciers

3.1.1. Permafrost Model
3.1.2. Glacial Model
3.1.3. Landslide Model

3.2. Protalus Lobes and Other Ice/Debris-Derived Features

3.2.1. Protalus Lobes
3.2.2. Protalus Ramparts

4. Terrestrial Observations

4.1. Form of Ice in Rock Glaciers: Permafrost Models
4.2. Form of Ice in Rock Glaciers: Glacier Ice Models
4.3. Form of Ice in Rock Glaciers: Landslide Models

5. Development of Ice Masses in Permafrost and Glacier-Derived Systems

5.1. Permafrost Systems
5.2. Glacier-Derived Systems
5.3. Finite Element Modeling
5.4. Ice Masses and Mixture Models
5.5. Geophysical Determinations of Ice in Rock Glaciers

6. Rock Glaciers and Debris-Derived Forms: An Overview of Observations From Mars

6.1. Observations
6.2. Discussion on Ice Content and Flow in Martian “Rock Glacier” Features

7. Detection Methods
8. Summary of Discussion
9. Conclusions and Future Possibilities
10. Acknowledgments
References
Figures

Figure 1a.
Figure 1b.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4a.
Figure 4b.
Figure 4c.
Figure 4d.
Figure 5a.
Figure 5b.
Figure 5c.
Figure 5d.
Figure 6a.
Figure 6b.
Figure 6c.
Figure 6d.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.

Citation: Whalley, W. B., and F. Azizi, Rock glaciers and protalus landforms: Analogous forms and ice sources on Earth and Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 108(E4), 8032, doi:10.1029/2002JE001864, 2003.