The ultimate of goal of much of the ongoing HAB research in the U.S. is to generate the scientific information needed for effective management of fisheries resources and the public health in regions where natural marine biotoxins of algal origin can occur. Many of the investigations mentioned above are making excellent progress towards this goal. Monitoring programs for HAB species and for their toxins will likely change dramatically in the coming years as remote sensing (in the broadest sense of the term) and automation provide real-time data. Likewise, coupled physical/biological models will be used to predict the effects of changes in wind forcings, rainfall, or other meteorological variables that are measured routinely for other purposes. Site selection for fish farms and other aquaculture facilities will become more quantitative, based on observed and simulated cell distributions or on toxicity patterns revealed by geographic information systems. Ocean engineers will have important roles to play as well, as aquaculture facilities will need to be re-designed to function in higher-energy coastal environments where the probability of HABs is lower than in sheltered, quiescent systems.