References

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References

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Table 1. Pliocene-Pleistocene Timescales ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Polarity Mankinen Berggren Shackleton Hilgen Cande Shackleton Baksi chron and et al. et al. [1991 and et al. [1994] boundary Dalrymple [1985] [1990] a,b] Kent [1979] [1992a] (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Brunhes/ 0.73 0.73 0.78 0.780 0.78 Matuyama

Jaramillo 0.90 0.91 0.99 0.984 0.99 (top)

Jaramillo 0.97 0.98 1.07 1.049 1.05 (base)

Olduvai 1.67 1.66 1.77 1.757 1.78 (t)

Olduvai 1.87 1.88 1.95 1.983 2.02 (b)

Matuyama/ 2.48 2.47 2.60 2.57/ 2.600 2.64 Gauss 2.62

Kaena (t) 2.92 2.92 3.04 3.054 3.046 3.10

Kaena (b) 3.01 2.99 3.11 3.127 3.131 3.17

Mammoth 3.05 3.08 3.22 3.221 3.233 3.27 (t)

Mammoth 3.15 3.18 3.33 3.325 3.331 3.38 (b)

Gauss/ 3.40 3.40 3.58 3.553 3.594 3.61 Gilbert

Cochiti 3.80 3.88 4.18 4.033 4.199 4.12 (t)

Cochiti 3.90 3.97 4.29 4.134 4.316 4.23 (b)

Nunivak 4.05 4.10 4.48 4.265 4.479 4.37 (t)

Nunivak 4.20 4.24 4.62 4.432 4.623 4.55 (b)

Sidufjall 4.32 4.40 4.80 4.611 4.781 4.74 (t)

Sidufjall 4.47 4.47 4.89 4.694 4.878 4.82 (b)

Thvera (t) 4.85 4.57 4.98 4.812 4.977 4.94

Thvera (b) 5.00 4.77 5.23 5.046 5.232

Gilbert(b) 5.35 5.705 5.882 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table 2. Late Cretaceous Timescales ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stage Boundary Polarity Cande Obradovich Herbert Cande Chron and Kent [1993] et al. and Kent Boundary [1992a] [1994] [1994] (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cretaceous/ 66.00 65.4 65.00 Tertiary 0.1 Base C29r 66.60 65.58 BaseC30n 68.63 67.61 Base C30r 68.75 67.74 Base C31n 69.68 68.74 Base C31r 71.72 71.07 Base C32n.1n 71.94 71.34 Base C32n.1r 72.15 71.59 Base C32n.2n 73.29 73.00 Base C32r.2r 73.52 73.29 Base C32r.1n 73.58 73.37 Base C32r.1r 73.78 73.62 Campanian/ 74.50 71.3 74.50 Maastrichtian 0.5 Base C33n 78.78 79.08 Base C33r 83.00 83.00 Santonian/ 84.00 83.5 84.00 Campanian 0.5 Coniacian/ 86.3 Santonian 0.5 Turonian/ 88.7 Coniacian 0.5 Cenomanian/ 93.3 Turonian 0.2 Albian/ 98.5 99.5 Cenomanian 0.5 Aptian/Albian 112 1 111.6 Barremian/Aptian 121 122.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For Cande and Kent [1992a] and Cande and Kent [1994], italics indicate calibration data for spline fit

Table 3. Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Timescales -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Stage Kent and Harland et al.[1990] Obradovich Gradstein Channell Boundary Gradstein (Ma) [1993] et al. et al. [1985] (Ma) [1994] [1994] (Ma) Mag. Amm. Chrono- (Ma) (Ma) Anom Zones gram ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Barremian/ 119 124.5 125.5 121 121.0 121.0 Aptian

Hauterivian/ 124 131.8 131.0 127 127.0 126.0 Barremian

Valanginian/ 131 135.0 135.5 130 132.0 131.0 Hauterivian

Berriasian/ 138 140.7 145.0 137.5 135 137.0 135.8 Valanginian

Tithonian/ 144 145.6 153.5 148.0 142 144.2 141.6 Berriasian (J/K)

Kimmeridgian/ 152 152.1 156.0 151.0 150.7 149.0 Tithonian

Oxfordian/ 156 154.7 159.8 156.0 154.1 154.0 Kimmeridgian

Callovian/ 163 157.1 162.7 156.3 159.4 Oxfordian

Bathonian/ 169 161.3 166.6 159.0 164.4 Callovian

Bajocian/ 176 166.1 168.2 159. 169.2 Bathonian

Aalenian/ 183 173.5 177.0 176.5 Bajocian

Toarcian/ 187 178 178.0 180.1 Aalenian

Pliensbach- 193 187 182.0 189.6 ian/Toarcian

Sinemurian/ 198 194.5 189.2 195.3 Pliensbachian

Hettangian/ 204 203.5 203.5 201.9 Sinemurian

Rhaetian/ 208 208 210.5 205.7 Hettangian (Tr/J) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For Harland et al. [1990], italics indicate ages adopted in their GTS89 timescale