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Figure 1: Calculated heating and cooling terms from the one-dimensional global mean model of Roble [1994]. Figure 1a shows the log total and component neutral gas heating profiles (K day), Q is the total, e-i is heating by collisions between thermal electrons, ions, and neutrals, Q is heating from exothermic ion-neutral chemistry; Q is heating from exothermic neutral-neutral chemistry; Q is Joule heating; Q is heating from auroral particles; O(D) is heating from quenching of O(D), SRC and SRB are heating from O absorption in the Schumann-Runge

 
Figure 1. continued: continuum and bands, respectively; O is heating from atomic oxygen recombinations; O is heating from solar absorption by ozone. Figure 1b shows the log total and component neutral gas cooling rate profiles (K day), Q is the total cooling rate, K is the cooling rate by downward molecular heat conduction; K is the cooling by eddy conduction; NO is radiative cooling from the 5.3 mm emission from NO; CO is total radiative cooling from carbon dioxide; and O(P) is the cooling from the fine structure of atomic oxygen. IR is the sum of the radiative cooling terms from O, NO, and CO. Taken from Roble [1994].

 
Figure 1. continued:

The vertical axis coordinate, z changes by unity for each e-folding change in atmospheric density (scale-height); z=0 is arbitrarily set at 180 km.

 
Figure 2: Calculated (a) zonal-mean zonal wind profiles and (b) meridional wind profiles (m sec) along the 17.5N latitude circle from the TIMEGCM of Roble and Ridley [1994]. A positive wind is to the north and east for Figures 2a and 2b, respectively. The model incorporates a gravity wave flux of 3 J/kg and a specified (1,1) propagating diurnal tide with an amplitude of 16 m and a phase of 11.5 hours at the lower boundary (30 km). The semi-diurnal tidal forms are calculated self-consistently. The vertical axis coordinate, z changes by unity for each e-folding change in atmospheric density (scale-height); z=0 is arbitrarily set at 180 km.

 
Figure 3: Noctilucent clouds at 86 km altitude exhibit complex spatial structures (top) that can be modeled in terms of breaking gravity waves (bottom). Taken from Fritts et al., [1993].

 
Figure 4: Schematic of the m-spectrum of gravity waves showing the various important regions for theoretical analysis. The unsaturated region m<m is dominated by source effects and the saturated region (m<m,m) by dissipation processes. m marks the transition between the saturated gravity wave spectrum and the region controlled by turbulence. Taken from Gardner [1994].