Serendipitous science from flybys of secondary targets: Galileo at Venus, Earth, and asteroids; Ulysses at Jupiter

Margaret Galland Kivelson

Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles

• Introduction: Accidental Opportunities and Serendipitous Discoveries
• Galileo Skims by Venus, Revealing the Geometry of Planetary Bow Shocks and Detecting Venus Lightning
  • The Bow Shock
  • Lightning Detection
• Galileo Races by Earth, Revealing that Pressure Balance in the Magnetotail is Maintained by Highly Non-Maxwellian Plasma Distributions
  • Overview
  • Plasma Properties of the Magnetotail from -35 to -90 R
• Galileo's Second Flyby Reveals that the IMF Also Controls Earth's Distant Bow Shock
  • The Bow Shock
• Galileo Reveals that the Small Asteroids Gaspra and Ida Perturb the Solar Wind and May Be Substantially Magnetized
  • Gaspra
  • Ida
• Ulysses Swings by Jupiter and Reports that there are Magnetic Holes in the Magnetosphere and that the Energetic Electron Clock is Still Ticking
  • Overview
  • Magnetic Nulls
  • The Jovian Energetic Electron Clock
• What Next?
• References