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References

1
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2
Abdu, M. A., G. O. Walker, B. M. Reddy, E. R. de Paula, J. H. A. Sobral, B. G. Fejer, and E. P. Szuszczewicz, Global-scale equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) response to magnetospheric disturbances based on the May-June 1987 SUNDIAL coordinated observations, Ann. Geophys., 11, 585-594, 1993.

3
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Balan, N., G. J. Bailey, B. Jemkins, P. B. Rao, and R. J. Moffett, Variations of ionospheric ionization and related solar fluxes during an intense solar cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 2243-2253, 1994.

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Barth, C. A., W. K. Tobiska, G. J. Rottman, and O. R. White, Comparison of 10.7 cm radio flux with SME solar Lyman-alpha flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 571, 1990.

6
Bilitza, D., Topside Models: Status and Future Improvements, Adv. Space Res., in press, 1994.

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Bilitza, D., K. Rawer, L. Bossy, and T. Gulyaeva, International Reference ionosphere---Past, Present, and Future: I. Electron Density, 13, (3)3-(3)13, 1992b.

9
Bristow, W. A., B. J. Watkins, Numerical simulation of the formation of thin ionization layers at high latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 404-407, 1991.

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Buonsanto, M. J., Neutral winds in the thermosphere at mid-latitudes over a full solar cycle: A tidal decomposition, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3711-3724, 1991.

11
Buonsanto, M. J., J. C. Foster, and D. P. Sipler, Observations from Millstone Hill during the geomagnetic disturbances of March and April 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1225-1243, 1992a.

12
Buonsanto, M. J., S. C. Solomon and W. K. Tobiska, Comparison of measured and modeled solar EUV flux and its effect on the E- region ionosphere, J. Geophys, Res., 97, 10, 513-10,524, 1992b.

13
Buonsanto, M. J., M. E. Hagan, J. E. Salah, and B. G. Fejer, Solar Cycle and Seasonal Variations in F-Region Electrodynamics at Millstone Hill, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 15,677-15,683, 1993.

14
Buonsanto, M. J., and J. C. Foster, Effects of magnetospheric electric fields and neutral winds on the low-middle latitude ionosphere during the March 20-21, 1990, storm, J. Geophys, Res., 98, 19,133-19,140, 1993.

15
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16
Codrescu, M. V., R. G. Roble, and J. M. Forbes, Interactive ionospheric modeling: A comparison between TIGCM and ionosonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 8591-8600, 1992.

17
Crain, D. J., J. J. Sojka, R.W. Schunk, P. H. Doherty, and J. Klobuchar, A First Principle Derivation of the High Latitude Total Electron Content Distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 28, 49-61, 1993.

18
de la Beaujardiere, D. Alcayde, J. Fontanari, and C. Leger, Seasonal dependence of high latitude electric fields, J. Geophys. Res.,96, 5723-5735, 1991.

19
Fejer, B. G., R. W. Spiro, R. A. Wolf, and J. C. Foster, Latitudinal variations of perturbation electric fields during magnetically-disturbed periods: 1986 SUNDIAL observations and model results, Ann. Geophys. 8, 441, 1990.

20
Fejer, B., F-Region Plasma Drifts Over Arecibo: Solar Cycle, Seasonal, and Magnetic Activity Effects, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 13,645-13,652, 1993.

21
Fesen, C. G., Tidal effects on the thermosphere, Survey in Geophysics, 13, 269-295, 1992.

22
Foster, J. C., Storm time plasma transport at middle and high latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1675-1689, 1993.

23
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., Modeling the solar cycle change in nitric oxide in the thermosphere and upper mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res.,98, 1559-1570, 1993.

24
Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, R. J. Moffett, and S. Quegan, Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3893-3914, 1994.

25
Ganguli, G., M. J. Keskinen, H. Romero, R. Heelis, T. M. Moore, and C. Pollock, Coupling of microprocesses and macroprocesses due to velocity shear: An application to the low-altitude ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8873-8889, 1994.

26
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27
Goodman, J. M., editor, Proceedings of the 1993 Ionospheric Effects Symposium, SRI International, Arlington, VA, 1993.

28
Greenspan, M. E., W. J. Burke, F. J. Rich, W. J. Hughes, and R. A. Heelis, DMSP F8 Observations of the Mid-Latitude and Low-latitude Topside Ionosphere Near Solar Minimum, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3817-3826, 1994.

29
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30
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31
Hedin, A. E., M. A. Biondi, R. G. Burnside, G. Hernandez, R. M. Johnson, T. L. Killeen, C. Mazaudier, J. W. Meriwether, J. E. Salah, R. J. Sics, R. W. Smith, N. W. Spencer, V. B. Wickwar, and T. S. Verdi, Revised global model of thermosperhic winds using satellite and ground-based observations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7657-7688, 1991.

32
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33
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34
Jing, N. and R. D. Hunsucker, A theoretical investigation of sources of large and medium scale atmospheric gravity waves in the auroral oval, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 55, 1667-1679, 1993.

35
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36
Killeen, T. L., F. G. McCormac, A. G. Burns, J. P. Thayer, R. M. Johnson, and R. J. Niciewski, On the dynamics and composition of the high-latitude thermosphere, J. Atm. Terr. Phys., 53, 797-815, 1991.

37
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38
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39
Mathews, J. D., Y. T. Morton, and Q. Zhou, Observations of ion layer motions during the AIDA campaign, J. Atm. Terr. Phys. 55, 447-457, 1993.

40
Miller, K. L., P. G. Richards, and H. Y. Wu, A global study of meridional winds and electron densities in the F-region during the SUNDIAL 1987 campaign, Ann. Geophys. 11, 572-584, 1993.

41
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42
Millward, G. H., R. J. Moffett, S. Quegan, and T. J. Fuller-Rowell, Effects of an atmospheric gravity wave on the midlatitude ionospheric F layer, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 19,173-19,179, 1993.

43
Oliver, W. L., Y. Yamamoto, T. Takai, S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, and T. Tsuda, Middle and Upper Atmosphere Radar observations of Ionospheric Electric Fields, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 11,615-11,627, 1993.

44
Peterson, W. K., A. W. Yau, and B. A. Whalen, Simultaneous observations of H and O ions at two altitudes by the Akebono and Dynamics Explorer 1 satellites, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 11, 177-11, 190, 1993.

45
Reiff, P. H., R. A. Heelis, Four cells or two? Are four convection cells really necessary? J. Geophys, Res., 99, 3955-3959, 1994.

46
Richards, P. G., J. A. Fennelly, and D. G. Torr, EUVAC: a solar EUV flux model for aeronomin calculations, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 8981-8992, 1994.

47
Richmond A.D., M. Blanc, B. A. Emery, R. H. Wand, B. G. Fejer, R. F. Woodman, S. Ganguly, P. Amayenc. R. A. Behnke, C. Calderon, and J. V. Evans, An Empirical Model of Quiet-Day electric fields at middle and low-latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4658-4664, 1980.

48
Richmond, A. D., E. C. Ridley, and R. G. Roble, A thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrodynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 601-604, 1992.

49
Rodger, A. S., M. Pinnock, J. R. Dudeney, K. B. Baker, and R. A. Greenwald, A new mechanism for polar cap patch formation, J. Geophys, Res., 99, 6425-6436, 1994.

50
Ruohoniemi, M., R. A. Greenwald, O. de la Beaujardiere, and Mark Lester, The response of the high latitude dayside ionosphere to an abrupt northward transition in the IMF, Ann Geophys. 11, 556-571, 1993.

51
Schunk, R. W., and J. J. Sojka, Approaches to ionospheric modelling, simulation and prediction, Adv. Space Res., 12, (6)317-(6)326, 1992.

52
Sica, R. J., R. W. Schunk, and P. J. Wilkinson, A Study of the undisturbed mid-latitude ionosphere using simultaneous multi-site ionosonde measurements during the SUNDIAL '86 Campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 8271, 1990.

53
Sojka, J. J., M. D. Bowline, R. W. Schunk, D. T. Decker, C. E. Valladares, R. Sheean, D. N. Anderson, and R. A. Heelis, Modeling polar cap F-region patches using time varying convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1783-1786, 1993.

54
Swartz, W. E., and D. T. Farley, High resolution radar measurements of turbulent structure in the equatorial electrojet, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 309-317, 1994.

55
Swider, W., and T. J. Keneshea, The quiet sunrise E-region: enhancements at high latitudes in winter due to increased nitric oxide, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1725-1728, 1993.

56
Szuszczewicz, E. P., G. Earle, G. Hilfer, and P. Blanchard, Modelling of OTH performance characteristics and applications to future systems, in Proceedings of the 1993 Ionospheric Effects Symposium, J. M. Goodman, editor, SRI International, Arlington, VA, 1993a.

57
Szuszczewicz, E. P., P. Wilkinson, W. Swider, S. Pulinets, M. A. Abdu, E. Roelof, T. Fuller-Rowell, D. S. Evans, T. Bateman, P. Blanchard, G. Gustafsson, R. Hanbaba, J. Joselyn, T. Kikuchi, R. Leitinger, M. Lester, B. Reddy, M. Ruohoniemi, M. Sands, J. Sobral, G. O. Walker, V. Wickwar, Measurements and empirical model comparisons of F-region characteristics and auroral oval boundaries during the solstitial SUNDIAL campaign of 1987, Ann. Geophys. 11, 601-613, 1993b.

58
Szuszczewicz, E. P., R. G. Roble, P. J. Wilkinson, and R. Hanbaba, Coupling mechanisms in the lower ionospheric-thermospheric system and manifestations in the formation and dynamics of intermediate and descending layers, J. Atm. Terr. Phys., in press, 1994.

59
Tobiska, W. K., Recent solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance observations and modeling: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,879-18,893, 1993.

60
Walker G. O., T. Y. Y. Li, J. Soegijo, T. Kikuchi, Y. N. Huang, V. Badillo, and E. P. Szuszczewicz, North-south asymmetry of the equatorial ionization anomaly observed in East Asia during the SUNDIAL-87 campaign, Ann. Geophys. 9, 393-400, 1991.

61
White, O. R., G. J. Rottman, T. N. Woods, B. G. Knapp, S. L. Keil, W. C. Livingston, K. F. Tapping, R. F. Donnelly, and L. C. Puga, Change in the radiative output of the Sun in 1992 and its effects on the thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 369-372, 1994.

62
Wilkinson, P.J., E. P. Szuszczewicz, and R. G. Roble, Measurements and modelling of intermediate, descending, and sporadic layers in the lower ionosphere: results and implications for global-scale ionospheric-thermospheric studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 95-98, 1992.

63
Yeh, K. C., S. Y. Ma, and K. H. Lin, Global ionospheric effects of the October 1989 geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6201-6218, 1994.


U.S. National Report to IUGG, 1991-1994
Rev. Geophys. Vol. 33 Suppl., © 1995 American Geophysical Union