WPCjK ]3C4ށSAQAN[Ӹ$?*Dw:DJ>|}2X~ ʆ(Qdv(ztűn"|өꥧr"QKy ` {?ϮG ?'y0/ D4/嵭1^bؼ&h'{CX!YxbbB~r>{憑_뀯wkag'軐an~FVI¹!I[ĥP?8@!ȧw~60=+:17f=[᡼qbO豺9{eS-y9?w8.Pb}gp8^s uwH?oU|yiDxk_-\$mGZc{ 0a N*( Z(0H":`:o:rU@\pV\ *<fo'@@B*'o8p^o5{Zp}%Opo_@;ZoQZp1Z:x:x:x:x@k D3opVY 0KFDD AWEWEWE AKF D3KF B7~F B7F CF AYG_G 0F%H AMkH AKHI 0JI AMJ`J 0D&K<6X9`(Courier;6X9`("Courier NewTT'  $March 14, 1999 2 &John Immerwahr&0John Immerwahr .   h:Default ParaDefault Paragraph Font        T! :endnote textendnote text            ^:endnote refeendnote reference        V! :footnote texfootnote text            `:footnote reffootnote reference        88T ,toc 1toc 1   (#        >4X` hp x (#>  8;T ,toc 2toc 2  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>  8>T ,toc 3toc 3  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>  8>T ,toc 4toc 4   (#        >4X` hp x (#>  8>T ,toc 5toc 5  h(#        >4X` hp x (#>  88T ,toc 6toc 6   (#        >4X` hp x (#>  8! ,toc 7toc 7            88T ,toc 8toc 8   (#        >4X` hp x (#>  88T ,toc 9toc 9   (#        >4X` hp x (#>  @;T 0index 1index 1  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>  @;T 0index 2index 2  ` (#        >4X` hp x (#>  P5T 8toa headingtoa heading   (#        >4X` hp x (#>  @! 0captioncaption            ^:_Equation Ca_Equation Caption         &  )XxXXxXXXx  _  ??US.,KUEAz|x p @ H@EhxxhxUS??.,(Y2 $ -p!XxXXxXXXx  'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(Y2 $ -p!XxXXxXXXx  ($    (Y2 $ -p!XxXXxXXXx  C<< c S *%X XX XXX   2    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnForexample:GallupOrganization(sponsoredbyCableNewsNetwork,USAToday).Nationalsurveyof b  1,239adults,conductedMay47,1989. Regardingthefollowinglistofenvironmentalproblems,doyoupersonallyworryaboutthisproblemagreatdeal,afairamount,onlyalittleornotatall?Whataboutthe greenhouseeffectorglobalwarming?Responses:Agreatdeal,35%;Fairamount,28%;Onlyalittle,18%;Notatall,12%;Noopinion,7%.Seealso,GallupOrganization(sponsoredbyCableNewsNetwork,USAToday).Nationalsurveyof1,025adults,conductedMarch1214,1999. Imgoingtoreadyoualist T  ofenvironmentalproblems.AsIreadeachone,pleasetellmeifyoupersonallyworryaboutthisproblemagreatdeal,afairamount,onlyalittleornotatall.Howmuchdoyoupersonallyworryaboutthe greenhouseeffectorglobalwarming?Responses:Agreatdeal,28%;Fairamount,31%;Onlyalittle,23%;Notatall,16%;Noopinion,2%. (#(# #:s##X X# G *%X XX XXX   1    _0  :XnXXX :sX:Xn_Wirthlin_ԀWorldwide.Nationalsurveyof1,010adults,conductedSeptember1114,1998. Doyouthinkof  yourselfas:one,anactiveenvironmentalist,ortwo,sympathetictoenvironmentalconcernsbutnotactive,orthree,neutral,orfour,generallyunsympathetictoenvironmentalconcerns?Responses:Activeenvironmentalist,12%;Sympathetictoenvironmentalconcerns,57%;Neutral,27%;Unsympathetictoenvironmentalconcerns,3%;Dontknow/Refused,<.5%. (#(# #:s##X X#($      *%X XX XXX   4    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnGallupOrganization(sponsoredbyCableNewsNetwork,USAToday).Nationalsurveyof1,003adults, h conductedNovember69,1997. Wouldyoutellmehowharmful,ifatall,youthinkglobalwarmingwillbetoeachofthefollowingduringthenext25years:veryharmful,somewhatharmful,notveryharmful,ornotatallharmful.Howharmful,ifatall,willglobalwarmingbeto...?Agriculturalproduction:Responses:Veryharmful,39%;Somewhatharmful,35%;Notveryharmful,12%;Notatallharmful,6%;Dontknow/Refused,8%.Thesurvivalofmanyanimalandplantspecies:Responses:Veryharmful,43%;Somewhatharmful,30%;Notveryharmful,11%;Notatallharmful,7%;Dontknow/Refused,9%.Humanhealth:Responses:Veryharmful,38%;Sometimesharmful,34%;Notveryharmful,14%;Notatallharmful,8%;Dontknow/Refused,6%.#:s##X X#h (#(# <?*OLE*P~&Table_A&0 d d d(n2$ -p!XxXXxXXXx    0  3|x <6X9`(Courierd6X@C@;6X9`("Courier NewTTXXv6X@CX@<6X9`("Courier NewTTXXx6X@DQX@DD  *Times New RomanTTXX-DD0DXDhDX(>p$XfXXfXXXfHP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,,,,,,0(hH  Z6Times New Roman Regular E{EEE)p& U     *%X XX XXX   3    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnWirthlinWorldwide.Nationalsurveyof1,040adults,conductedAugust2123,1997. Somepeople 6 believethattheearthsatmosphereisgraduallygettingwarmerasaresultofairpollutionandthatinthelongrun,thisglobalwarmingcouldhavecatastrophicconsequences.Fromwhatyouhaveheardorread,doyoubelievethatglobalwarmingisreal,ornot?Responses:Believe,74%;Donotbelieve,24%;Dontknow/Refused,2%.#:s##X X#^(#(#   *%X XX XXX   5    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnCBSNews,NewYorkTimes.Nationalsurveyof953adults,conductedNovember2324,1997. Doyou ""r thinkglobalwarmingisanenvironmentalproblemthatiscausingaseriousimpactnow,ordoyouthinktheimpactofglobalwarmingwonthappenuntilsometimeinthefuture,ordoyouthinkglobalwarmingwonthaveaseriousimpactatall?Responses:Impactnow,28%;Inthefuture,51%;Noseriousimpact,15%;Dontknow/Noanswer,6%. (#(# #:s##X X# y *%X XX XXX   9    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnGallupOrganization(sponsoredbyCableNewsNetwork,USAToday).Nationalsurveyof1,239adults,  conductedMay47,1989.Seealso,PrincetonSurveyResearchAssociates(sponsoredbyThePewResearchCenter).Nationalsurveyof1,200adults,conductedNovember1216,1997.#:s##X X#(#(# (O$\  `&Times New Romanhttp://www.publicagenda.org/issues/frontdoor.cfm?issue_type=environmentWPCqAqA!qAV * 7  Aq7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-Aq.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman1-P Times New Roman1-2 PChart 3xdP Times New Roman1-pPTimes New Roman1-R2 pP2One hundred years from now, do you believe the airxd<xxxxPdx<ddPd<PPx<xx<<xx<xx<xd<<dxd<Pxd<d<P PTimes New Roman1-Q2 P1and water in this country will be cleaner or moredxx<dPdP<<x<Px<d<dxxxPP<<<<<xd<d<ddxdP<xP<xPd PTimes New Roman1-+2 Ppolluted than it is now?x<<xPdx<Pxdx<<P<<d<xxd Times New Roman1-PTimes New Roman1-Q2 P1Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98xxxPdd<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<ddddx<x<xx - -W F$FW F G G  FW S "- %FW F G G  FW - --r $ r *G G  rS "-  % r *G G  r---t $ t ,G G  tS "-  % t ,G G  t--- $  G G  S "-  %  G G  --- $  n  vBKIIeu* S "-  %  n  vBKIIeu* --- 2$ n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. S "-  2% n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. ---r $ r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * rS "-  % r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * r---t $ tB  +   d | dx D , tS "-  % tB  +   d | dx D , t- -- V$) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   S "-  V%) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   ---[ Dp$6D[ o  s + `  k W4  yMjS+A5 / / 5d A SB j  {   8 4 k / u+ s   K[ o  V   X  oWK Fu/ ] lH  S "-  [ Dl 7[ De N Q  R  G  G  Q v v l -@@--l $ lz "  b ; b tH  l "-  l t 7l v  Q  P  G  G  Q ~ ~ t ---t $ t]     H  t "-  t  7t ~  Q  P  G  G  Q    --- B$ d 2t`O%@MN  3c:B  C   A  ) D[ H   "-   [ D7   Q  P  G  G  Q e Ne M[ D:Times New Roman1- 2 :CleanerCkkxkPzTimes New Roman1- 2 z (32%)<PxxP Times New Roman1- $2 More polluted (57%)xPk<xxCCxCkx<PxxP g Times New Roman1- $2 g About the same (6%)xxxC<Cxk<]kk<PxP  Times New Roman1- 2  Don't know (5%)xx+C<xxx<PxP . h *%X XX XXX   6    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnGallupOrganization(sponsoredbyCableNewsNetwork,USAToday).Nationalsurveyof1,239adults, 'T" conductedMay47,1989. Regardingthefollowinglistofenvironmentalproblems,doyoupersonallyworryaboutthisproblemagreatdeal,afairamount,onlyalittleornotatall?Damagetotheearthsozonelayer:Responses:Agreatdeal,51%;Fairamount,26%;Onlyalittle,13%;Notatall,8%;Noopinion,2%.The greenhouseeffectorglobalwarming:Responses:Agreatdeal,35%;Fairamount, ,*|%  28%;Onlyalittle,18%;Notatall,12%;Noopinion,7%.Seealso,PrincetonSurveyResearchAssociates(sponsoredbyThePewResearchCenter).Nationalsurveyof1,200adults,conductedNovember1216,1997. Imgoingtoreadyoualistofenvironmentalproblems.AsIreadeachone,pleasetellmeifyoupersonallyworryaboutthisproblemagreatdeal,afairamount,onlyalittleornotatall.Howmuchdoyoupersonallyworryabout...?Damagetotheearthsozonelayer:Responses:Agreatdeal,40%;Fairamount,28%;Onlyalittle,21%;Notatall,9%;Noopinion,2%.The greenhouseeffectorglobalwarming:Responses:Agreatdeal,24%;Fairamount,30%;Onlyalittle,26%;Notatall,15%;Noopinion,5%.#:s##X X#l (#(# EP*OLE*WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerDeltaGraph.Document<ࡱ>  Root Entry R`q#1Ole ContentsBOlePart~~MEGDO7&\GM_`&ldmln%&.zL"'7L"76VstV"&>  :>tL $o $o    $o/.:>f $o $o  $o  $o  $o  $oD  nD  n.2VzF6% <333333????@t@@333333?? (A????@@{ۣe@@I@@n@] 1i! o(8,<04$rstuvw&"y\   \"y\ P P "y\0O0O )OX 7V H$  (L3~,,p~Chart 3 t0(8~L3~0 0 7rDr~---/ ~  3 e ~ One hundred years from now, do you believe the air and water in this country will be cleaner or more polluted than it is now? (2L3~L)62R`n| 2  2 Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98  Bf .`2VzPpCleaner\rP|Gz??More pollutedP> ףp=??About the samehPQ??Under control\r'P(\??Not under control\r(P|Gz??Not sure)P{Gz??Don't knowrP??Cleaner+P|Gz??More polluted,P> ףp=??About the same (Volunteered)3-PQ??Don't knowr.P??Under\rcontrol\r0 Not under\rcontrol\r0 Not sure0"P{Gz??!P|Gz?? P(\??ow/<0.5%Don't know/<0.5%.5%<0.5%.5%/<0.5%vvZ (,> LArialTimes New Roman MS Sans SerifArialOlePres000q'*.T * 7  Aq7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-Aq.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman1-P Times New Roman1-2 PChart 3xdP Times New Roman1-pPTimes New Roman1-R2 pP2One hundred years from now, do you believe the airxd<xxxxPdx<ddPd<PPx<xx<<xx<xx<xd<<dxd<Pxd<d<P PTimes New Roman1-Q2 P1and water in this country will be cleaner or moredxx<dPdP<<x<Px<d<dxxxPP<<<<<xd<d<ddxdP<xP<xPd PTimes New Roman1-+2 Ppolluted than it is now?x<<xPdx<Pxdx<<P<<d<xxd Times New Roman1-PTimes New Roman1-Q2 P1Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98xxxPdd<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<ddddx<x<xx - -W F$FW F G G  FW S "- %FW F G G  FW - --r $ r *G G  rS "-  % r *G G  r---t $ t ,G G  tS "-  % t ,G G  t--- $  G G  S "-  %  G G  --- $  n  vBKIIeu* S "-  %  n  vBKIIeu* --- 2$ n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. S "-  2% n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. ---r $ r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * rS "-  % r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * r---t $ tB  +   d | dx D , tS "-  % tB  +   d | dx D , t- -- V$) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   S "-  V%) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   ---[ Dp$6D[ o  s + `  k W4  yMjS+A5 / / 5d A SB j  {   8 4 k / u+ s   K[ o  V   X  oWK Fu/ ] lH  S "-  [ Dl 7[ De N Q  R  G  G  Q v v l -@@--l $ lz "  b ; b tH  l "-  l t 7l v  Q  P  G  G  Q ~ ~ t ---t $ t]     H  t "-  t  7t ~  Q  P  G  G  Q    --- B$ d 2t`O%@MN  3c:B  C   A  ) D[ H   "-   [ D7   Q  P  G  G  Q e Ne M[ D:Times New Roman1- 2 :CleanerCkkxkPzTimes New Roman1- 2 z (32%)<PxxP Times New Roman1- $2 More polluted (57%)xPk<xxCCxCkx<PxxP g Times New Roman1- $2 g About the same (6%)xxxC<Cxk<]kk<PxP  Times New Roman1- 2  Don't know (5%)xx+C<xxx<PxP . METAFILEPICTq'\q'*. * 7  Aq7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-Aq.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman1-P Times New Roman1-2 PChart 3xdP Times New Roman1-pPTimes New Roman1-R2 pP2One hundred years from now, do you believe the airxd<xxxxPdx<ddPd<PPx<xx<<xx<xx<xd<<dxd<Pxd<d<P PTimes New Roman1-Q2 P1and water in this country will be cleaner or moredxx<dPdP<<x<Px<d<dxxxPP<<<<<xd<d<ddxdP<xP<xPd PTimes New Roman1-+2 Ppolluted than it is now?x<<xPdx<Pxdx<<P<<d<xxd Times New Roman1-PTimes New Roman1-Q2 P1Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98xxxPdd<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<ddddx<x<xx - -W F$FW F G G  FW S "- %FW F G G  FW - --r $ r *G G  rS "-  % r *G G  r---t $ t ,G G  tS "-  % t ,G G  t--- $  G G  S "-  %  G G  --- $  n  vBKIIeu* S "-  %  n  vBKIIeu* --- 2$ n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. S "-  2% n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. ---r $ r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * rS "-  % r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * r---t $ tB  +   d | dx D , tS "-  % tB  +   d | dx D , t- -- V$) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   S "-  V%) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   ---[ Dp$6D[ o  s + `  k W4  yMjS+A5 / / 5d A SB j  {   8 4 k / u+ s   K[ o  V   X  oWK Fu/ ] lH  S "-  [ Dl 7[ De N Q  R  G  G  Q v v l -@@--l $ lz "  b ; b tH  l "-  l t 7l v  Q  P  G  G  Q ~ ~ t ---t $ t]     H  t "-  t  7t ~  Q  P  G  G  Q    --- B$ d 2t`O%@MN  3c:B  C   A  ) D[ H   "-   [ D7   Q  P  G  G  Q e Ne M[ D:Times New Roman1- 2 :CleanerCkkxkPzTimes New Roman1- 2 z (32%)<PxxP Times New Roman1- $2 More polluted (57%)xPk<xxCCxCkx<PxxP g Times New Roman1- $2 g About the same (6%)xxxC<Cxk<]kk<PxP  Times New Roman1- 2  Don't know (5%)xx+C<xxx<PxP .  *%X XX XXX   10    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnPrincetonSurveyResearchAssociates(sponsoredbyNewsweek).Nationalsurveyof752adults,conducted `` February2627,1998. Onehundredyearsfromnow,doyoubelievetheairandwaterinthiscountrywillbecleanerormorepollutedthanitisnow?Responses:Cleaner,32%;Morepolluted,57%;Aboutthesame,6%;Dontknow,5%.#:s##X X#http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/frontdoor.cfm?issue_type=environmentwww.publicagenda.org  *%X XX XXX   7    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnGallupOrganization(sponsoredbyCableNewsNetwork,USAToday).Nationalsurveyof1,003adults, & &  conductedNovember69,1997. Hereisalistofpossiblecausesofglobalwarming.Foreachone,pleasetellmewhetheryouthinkitisamajorcause,aminorcause,ornotacauseofglobalwarming,orwhetheryoudontknowenoughtosay?:Automobileexhaust:Responses:Majorcause,65%;Minorcause,20%;Notacause,5%;Dontknowenoughtosay,10%;Dontknow/Refused,1%;Nuclearpowerplants:Responses:Majorcause,35%;Minorcause,23%;Notacause,15%;Dontknowenoughtosay,25%;Dontknow/Refused,2%;Aerosolsprays:Responses:Majorcause,36%;Minorcause,39%;Notacause,6%;Dontknowenoughtosay,17%;Dontknow/Refused,1%. (#(# #:s##X X#0XnXXX   *%X XX XXX   8    _0  :XnXXX :sX:XnGallupOrganization(sponsoredbyCableNewsNetwork,USAToday).Nationalsurveyof1,003adults, ff conductedNovember69,1997. Wedlikeyourimpressionofwhatscientistsbelieveaboutglobalwarming.Fromwhatyouveheardorread,doscientistsmostlybelievethatglobalwarmingisaseriousthreat,mostlybelievethatglobalwarmingisnotaseriousthreat,orarescientistsgenerallydividedonthisissue?Responses:Mostlybelieveseriousthreat,42%;Mostlybelievenotseriousthreat,6%;Generallydividedonthisissue,44%;Other,<.5%;Dontknow/Refused,8%.#:s##X X#XX(#(# WPC>>!> k 7  >7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "->.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vv--$ # k "-% # k---"$" # k" "-%" # k"---Z[ $[ Z[  # k[ Z "-%[ Z[  # k[ Z---; $; ;  # k;  "-%; ;  # k; ---k$k2#k "-%k2#k---k$k"y#k "-%k"y#k---"6$"lF<E5  %  4[ Z[  ;  m (U: Os(" "-6%"lF<E5  %  4[ Z[  ;  m (U: Os("---Z[ $ [ Z f  e ; ;  x> b E5 [ [ Z "-% [ Z f  e ; ;  x> b E5 [ [ Z- --; V$);  4 1:g:V4?`G..k#F.`V4?V:E1bx4  ; ;  "-V%);  4 1:g:V4?`G..k#F.`V4?V:E1bx4  ; ; ---d$0ZAl}7Vy@ A   Re H 0 ~  N   !    W 0 H  e | .  @y\7}.RoZC k "-  u u k k u %%-@@--$$uhZ8Gl*N  C   Dd V k "- Vd  %u u k k u `n `o Vd ---Vd $d V w >  o ;  kVd "- Vd ;  Vd `n u u k k u E F ; ---; <$;  i  1jw V0Vhk#/wjK#%AW k; "- ;  ; E u u k k u g Times New Roman4-2 gImpactPxkkCTimes New RomanQ- 2 nowxxTimes New Roman4-2  (28%)<PxxP  yTimes New RomanQ-$2 yIn the future (51%)Px<Cxk<PxCxPk<PxxP uTimes New Roman4-2 u No seriousx<]kPCxx]uTimes New RomanQ-2 u impact (15%)CxkkC<PxxP 7 Times New Roman4-2 7 Don't know (6%)xx+C<xxx<PxP Times New Roman-<8Times New RomanQ-:2 <"Source: CBS / New York Times 11/97xdd<PP<<x<<<P<d<d<<PP<dd<dd Times New Roman4-PTimes New Roman-N2 P/Do you think global warming is an environmentalx<xx<Px<xx<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<d<dx<dxx<PxxdxPd< @PTimes New RomanQ- T2 @P3problem that is causing a serious impact now, or doPxx<d<PxdP<<d<ddxd<xd<d<ddP<xxd<<ddP<xx<<xP<xx PTimes New Roman- T2 P3you think the impact of global warming won't happenxx<Px<xx<Pxd<<ddP<xP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<xx(P<xddx PTimes New RomanQ- U2 P4until sometime in the future, or do you think globalxxP<<<dxdP<d<<x<Pxd<PxPxPd<<xP<xx<xx<Px<xx<d<xxd<  PTimes New Roman- H2 P+warming won't have a serious impact at all?dP<xd<xx(P<xdxd<d<ddP<xxd<<ddP<dP<d<<d Times New RomanQ- lxTimes New Roman4-2 lxChart 3xdP .NO*OLE* Immerwahr PIC AGUWirthlinLeifertFarkasMcHughAulicinoVillanovaLM*OLE*www.davinci.villanova.edu/immer/www.publicagenda.org   "XxXXxXXXx  _ (#X@   <0X.XXXx@    1  A  #XxXX0X.#WPCAA!A~  7  A7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-A.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vv"Arial-P 8"Arial,-72 P Source: Wirthlin Worldwide 9/98xx<dx<<<<<x<<x<x<<x<xx<<x<xx -- $  _ _   "-%  _ _  ---vp$pvp._ _ pv "-%pvp._ _ pv---*| $| *| _ _ | * "-%| *| _ _ | *---^S $S ^S _ _ S ^ "-%S ^S _ _ S ^---g $ g _ _ g "-% g _ _ g---vp6$pv5GMwH<%y   p:e1):Ip.pv "-6%pv5GMwH<%y   p:e1):Ip.pv---"$uG8$u   p:e1 "-"%uG8$u   p:e1--- F$! 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O    `  "- xu b xu i  j  _  _  i    -@@-- :$  ;1 c|   e  Uu@P#at-  R4  u   r -`   "-  -r b    i  h  _  _  i 7| 7} -r ----r $r - D V^ ]` -r "- -r ]^ b -r 7|  i  h  _  _  i gh gi ]^ ---]^ $^ ] g` ]^ "- ]^ g b ]^ gh  i  h  _  _  i q q g ---g $ g| k ib)VDM-|ux` g "- g xub g q  i  h  _  _  i ~xu)@8"MS Sans Serif-2 )@ Active (12%)kJ0okBBB}}B i8"MS Sans SerifU-!2 iSympathetic (57%)orkJrkJ0kBB}}B l8"MS Sans Serif-2 l Neutral (27%)krJFk0BB}}B  8"MS Sans SerifU-"2  Unsympathetic (3%)rdorkJrkJ0kBB}B  8"MS Sans Serif-2 Don't know (1%)rrBJBkrrBB}B "MS Sans Serif-P"MS Sans SerifU-F2 P*Do you think of yourself as : 1. an activex<dxx<<x(xx<x<<dxx<dx(<<xd<<<x<<xx<xx<(xx P"MS Sans Serif- U2 P4environmentalist, or 2. sympathetic to environmentalxxx(<xxxx<x((d<<<x<<x<<ddxx<xx<(x<<x<xxx(<xxxx<x( P"MS Sans SerifU- Z2 P7concerns but not active, or 3. neutral, or 4. generallyxxxxx<xd<xx<<xx<<xx<(xx<<x<<x<<xxx<<x(<<x<<x<<xxxx<x((d P"MS Sans Serif- C2 P(unsympathetic to environmental concerns?xxddxx<xx<(x<<x<xxx(<xxxx<x(<xxxxx<xdx "MS Sans SerifU- P"MS Sans Serif- 2 PChart 1dPP . METAFILEPICTW&W&-  7  A7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-A.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vv"Arial-P 8"Arial,-72 P Source: Wirthlin Worldwide 9/98xx<dx<<<<<x<<x<x<<x<xx<<x<xx -- $  _ _   "-%  _ _  ---vp$pvp._ _ pv "-%pvp._ _ pv---*| $| *| _ _ | * "-%| *| _ _ | *---^S $S ^S _ _ S ^ "-%S ^S _ _ S ^---g $ g _ _ g "-% g _ _ g---vp6$pv5GMwH<%y   p:e1):Ip.pv "-6%pv5GMwH<%y   p:e1):Ip.pv---"$uG8$u   p:e1 "-"%uG8$u   p:e1--- F$! UZy#.? v _    &| *|    [i  4DT<|  "-F%! UZy#.? v _    &| *|    [i  4DT<| ---*| $ | * Gi \S ^S  g | | * "-% | * Gi \S ^S  g | | *---^S $S ^ g S S ^ "-%S ^ g S S ^- --g .$ g_ kgEZD2&1pvp.h^cw ! #  g "-.% g_ kgEZD2&1pvp.h^cw ! #  g---xup$6uxE :P eyB-'A  R ' B ei    :O    uj ; 1   h  E } ' x x } z W )  ; J j ? O    `  "- xu b xu i  j  _  _  i    -@@-- :$  ;1 c|   e  Uu@P#at-  R4  u   r -`   "-  -r b    i  h  _  _  i 7| 7} -r ----r $r - D V^ ]` -r "- -r ]^ b -r 7|  i  h  _  _  i gh gi ]^ ---]^ $^ ] g` ]^ "- ]^ g b ]^ gh  i  h  _  _  i q q g ---g $ g| k ib)VDM-|ux` g "- g xub g q  i  h  _  _  i ~xu)@8"MS Sans Serif-2 )@ Active (12%)kJ0okBBB}}B i8"MS Sans SerifU-!2 iSympathetic (57%)orkJrkJ0kBB}}B l8"MS Sans Serif-2 l Neutral (27%)krJFk0BB}}B  8"MS Sans SerifU-"2  Unsympathetic (3%)rdorkJrkJ0kBB}B  8"MS Sans Serif-2 Don't know (1%)rrBJBkrrBB}B "MS Sans Serif-P"MS Sans SerifU-F2 P*Do you think of yourself as : 1. an activex<dxx<<x(xx<x<<dxx<dx(<<xd<<<x<<xx<xx<(xx P"MS Sans Serif- U2 P4environmentalist, or 2. sympathetic to environmentalxxx(<xxxx<x((d<<<x<<x<<ddxx<xx<(x<<x<xxx(<xxxx<x( P"MS Sans SerifU- Z2 P7concerns but not active, or 3. neutral, or 4. generallyxxxxx<xd<xx<<xx<<xx<(xx<<x<<x<<xxx<<x(<<x<<x<<xxxx<x((d P"MS Sans Serif- C2 P(unsympathetic to environmental concerns?xxddxx<xx<(x<<x<xxx(<xxxx<x(<xxxxx<xdx "MS Sans SerifU- P"MS Sans Serif- 2 PChart 1dPP .WPC&&!&z r= 7  &7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-&.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-V'!V'!Times New Roman- Times New Roman1-2 Chart 2xdP Times New Roman4-]jTimes New Roman-2 ]jaI'm going to read you a list of environmental problems. As I read each one please tell me if youP(<dx<xd<Px<Pddx<xx<d<<<dP<xP<dxx<PxxdxPd<<Pxx<dd<<<d<P<Pddx<dddx<xxd<<dddd<Pd<<<d<<P<xx jTimes New Roman1-]2 j9personally worry about this problem a great deal, or not.dPdxxd<<<xPP<dxxxP<Px<d<Pxx<d<d<dPddP<xdd<<<xP<xxP< Times New Roman-8Times New Roman4-2 8]Sources: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 5/89; Princeton Survey Research / Pew ResearchxxxPddd<<d<<x<Pddx<xdP<xx<<<<<<x<xxd<x<xx<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<d<ddddPdx xTimes New Roman1- 2 x Center 11/97dxPdP<xx<xx --!$ "-   # ##~##~# ~# ###~#  "-  AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" """"A"F"Z"["U"}""""""""""""## #1#6#J#K#E#m#r######### AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" 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" " " " " A" F" Z" [" U" }" " " " " " " " " " " " # # # 1# 6# J# K# E# m# r# # # # # # # # #~~~~~ ~~AFZ[~U~}~~~~~ ~16JK~E~mr~~~~~~!&:;~5~]bvw~q~~~~~*+~%~MRfg~a~~~~~~~=BVW~Q~y~~~~~  ~~-2FG~A~in~}~~~~~"67~1~Y^rs~m~~~~~ &'~!~INbc~]~~~~~~~9>RS~M~uz~~~~~~).BC~=~ej~~y~~~~~23~-~UZno~i~~~~~ "#~~EJ^_~Y~~~~~~ ~5:NO~I~qv~~~~  ~~% * > ? ~9 ~a f z { ~u ~    ~ ~    ~ ~!!.!/!~)!~Q!V!j!k!~e!~!!!!~!~!!!!~!~" """~"~A"F"Z"["~U"~}""""~"~""""~"~""##~ #~1#6#J#K#~E#~m#r###~#~####~#  "-  # ####- --v "-  vvv---8 "-  88vv8- --[ "-  [[||[---ox "-  d[d[- --@ "-  @@~~@---T  "-    x@x@ - --x &  "-  & & d d & ---:   "-    & &  - --] 3  "-    I I  --- "-     "-   ~ "-    # ##D Times New Roman4-  (2 D "Greenhouse effect" orkkkx]k<kPPkkP<xk Times New Roman-  2   global warming<xCxxC<xkCx 3Times New Romane-  92 3!Damage to the earth's ozone layerxxxk<Px<Pk<kxkPC]<xkxk<Cxxkk  Times New Roman-  2  Air pollutionCk<xCCPCx  Times New Romane-  62 Contamination of soil and waterxPxCxPCx<xP<]xCC<x<xPkk4 Times New Roman-  2 4  by toxic waste<x<PxxCk<x]Pk oTimes New Romane-  E2 o)Pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirsxCCPCx<xP<kCxkk]<<Cxk]<x<kk]kkxxCk] 8"MS Sans Serifn-  2 0%} "8"MS Sans Serifn-  2 "100%}}} ---$$Times New Roman- 2 24%xx --K$KwwKK};Times New Roman4-  2 ;35%xx --$;qTimes New Roman- 2 40%xx --0$0\\00 Times New Roman4-  2 51%xx --$ Times New Roman- 2 47%xx -- $ BB  {Times New Roman4-  2 63%xx --u $u   u u e Times New Roman- 2 e 59%xx -- $ ' '   e  Times New Roman4-  2 69%xx --Z$Z  ZZ dJ Times New Roman- 2 J 61%xx --$  J Times New Roman4-  2 72%xx --~ "- ~~~- - -@ "- @@@Times New Roman- 2 1997xxxx - - -@ "-  @@mm@?Times New Romane-  2 ?1989xxxx Times New Roman>- /"8Times New Roman- f2 /"?(Percentage saying they worry about the problem a "great deal")<xP<PPd<PdP<PPd<dd<<dPd<d<<d<Pddd<<<dP<d<dd<P<P<Pd<PP<<dPP<P< .WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerDeltaGraph.Documentࡱ>   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSRoot Entry R`$0Ole Contents!BOlePartMEGDE^'!  &X"R  &  H K ` lB mJ L % & "& :     H -:     H -n("&>.wtO''$5mBO\$5mBO\V"&>  :>F????????????????????????????????????(,Hdjpjpjp>"&2(,T| n o n o nto(,b yo y̿o y(uoD  noD  no@ p@f"&Fpp@ 0p@f"&Fpj"&p@@@?? @@@@p????`@@^@@????PC????JHHJIH2";ї Y ! o(8,<04$rstuvw"y\]]]] "y\Y@YY@Y "y\CeCe )OS ;RS ;R "y\.EY.TY.EY.TY L(L3~_4/4FbChart 2  (*L3~!!5VcLv   b  I'm going to read you a list of environmental problems. As I read each one please tell me if you personally worry about this problem a great deal, or not. S (*kL3~""* p|k>Lv k  ^ k Sources: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 5/89; Princeton Survey Research / Pew Research Center 11/97  (@L3~v%%@Fb> @  @ (Percentage saying they worry about the problem a "great deal") ( ( F "h^<jjHzD"6,XT2F*dB.rV:$tR>fJ4bNvZP4@ @6P@ @Damage to the earth's ozone layerP??8PRQ??Air pollutionPGz??9P*\(??Contamination of soil and water\r by toxic wastePzG??:PGz??"Greenhouse effect" or\r global warmingPQ??7Pgfffff?? Pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirs Contamination of soil and water by toxic waste?Air pollutionOcean and beach pollution-A great dealHFair amount&A great dealAFair amount\Only a littlewNot at allfNo opinion'P??BP333333??]PQ??xPQ??<.1%i(P??CP(\??^P)\(??yP??<.1%P)PGz??DPQ??_P{Gz??zP{Gz??<.1%*PQ??EP{Gz??`P(\??{PQ??P{Gz??cOnly a little~Not at allNo opinionPollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirsContamination of soil and water by toxic wasteAir pollutionOcean and beach pollution.P ףp= ??IPRQ??dP??PQ??P{Gz??0P)\(??KPQ??fP{Gz??P{Gz??<.1%z/PGz??JPzG??ePQ??PQ??<.1%z1P333333??LPq= ףp??gP)\(??P??P{Gz??"Greenhouse effect" or global warming2Pffffff??MPQ??hP ףp= ??PQ??PQ??"Greenhouse effect" or global warming+PQ??FPףp= ??aPq= ףp??|P{Gz??P{Gz??Pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirs PQ??;P ףp= ??rr`:>P^ l@z`Z (,> LZZ(,> LZZArialTimes New Roman MS Sans SerifArialOlePres000{;DD0z r= 7  &7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-&.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-V'!V'!Times New Roman- Times New Roman1-2 Chart 2xdP Times New Roman4-]jTimes New Roman-2 ]jaI'm going to read you a list of environmental problems. As I read each one please tell me if youP(<dx<xd<Px<Pddx<xx<d<<<dP<xP<dxx<PxxdxPd<<Pxx<dd<<<d<P<Pddx<dddx<xxd<<dddd<Pd<<<d<<P<xx jTimes New Roman1-]2 j9personally worry about this problem a great deal, or not.dPdxxd<<<xPP<dxxxP<Px<d<Pxx<d<d<dPddP<xdd<<<xP<xxP< Times New Roman-8Times New Roman4-2 8]Sources: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 5/89; Princeton Survey Research / Pew ResearchxxxPddd<<d<<x<Pddx<xdP<xx<<<<<<x<xxd<x<xx<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<d<ddddPdx xTimes New Roman1- 2 x Center 11/97dxPdP<xx<xx --!$ "-   # ##~##~# ~# ###~#  "-  AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" """"A"F"Z"["U"}""""""""""""## #1#6#J#K#E#m#r######### AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" """"A"F"Z"["U"}""""""""""""## #1#6#J#K#E#m#r######### AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" """"A"F"Z"["U"}""""""""""""## #1#6#J#K#E#m#r#########                A F Z [ U }               1 6 J K E m r              ! & : ; 5 ] b v w q             * + % M R f g a                = B V W Q y ~              - 2 F G A i n   }            " 6 7 1 Y ^ r s m             & ' ! I N b c ]                9 > R S M u z              ) . B C = e j ~  y             2 3 - U Z n o i             " #  E J ^ _ Y                5 : N O I q v                %  *  >  ?  9  a  f  z  {  u            ! ! .! /! )! Q! V! j! k! e! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " " " " " A" F" Z" [" U" }" " " " " " " " " " " " # # # 1# 6# J# K# E# m# r# # # # # # # # #                A F Z [ U }               1 6 J K E m r              ! & : ; 5 ] b v w q             * + % M R f g a                = B V W Q y ~              - 2 F G A i n   }            " 6 7 1 Y ^ r s m             & ' ! I N b c ]                9 > R S M u z              ) . B C = e j ~  y             2 3 - U Z n o i             " #  E J ^ _ Y                5 : N O I q v                %  *  >  ?  9  a  f  z  {  u            ! ! .! /! )! Q! V! j! k! e! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " " " " " A" F" Z" [" U" }" " " " " " " " " " " " # # # 1# 6# J# K# E# m# r# # # # # # # # #~~~~~ ~~AFZ[~U~}~~~~~ ~16JK~E~mr~~~~~~!&:;~5~]bvw~q~~~~~*+~%~MRfg~a~~~~~~~=BVW~Q~y~~~~~  ~~-2FG~A~in~}~~~~~"67~1~Y^rs~m~~~~~ &'~!~INbc~]~~~~~~~9>RS~M~uz~~~~~~).BC~=~ej~~y~~~~~23~-~UZno~i~~~~~ "#~~EJ^_~Y~~~~~~ ~5:NO~I~qv~~~~  ~~% * > ? ~9 ~a f z { ~u ~    ~ ~    ~ ~!!.!/!~)!~Q!V!j!k!~e!~!!!!~!~!!!!~!~" """~"~A"F"Z"["~U"~}""""~"~""""~"~""##~ #~1#6#J#K#~E#~m#r###~#~####~#  "-  # ####- --v "-  vvv---8 "-  88vv8- --[ "-  [[||[---ox "-  d[d[- --@ "-  @@~~@---T  "-    x@x@ - --x &  "-  & & d d & ---:   "-    & &  - --] 3  "-    I I  --- "-     "-   ~ "-    # ##D Times New Roman4-  (2 D "Greenhouse effect" orkkkx]k<kPPkkP<xk Times New Roman-  2   global warming<xCxxC<xkCx 3Times New Romane-  92 3!Damage to the earth's ozone layerxxxk<Px<Pk<kxkPC]<xkxk<Cxxkk  Times New Roman-  2  Air pollutionCk<xCCPCx  Times New Romane-  62 Contamination of soil and waterxPxCxPCx<xP<]xCC<x<xPkk4 Times New Roman-  2 4  by toxic waste<x<PxxCk<x]Pk oTimes New Romane-  E2 o)Pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirsxCCPCx<xP<kCxkk]<<Cxk]<x<kk]kkxxCk] 8"MS Sans Serifn-  2 0%} "8"MS Sans Serifn-  2 "100%}}} ---$$Times New Roman- 2 24%xx --K$KwwKK};Times New Roman4-  2 ;35%xx --$;qTimes New Roman- 2 40%xx --0$0\\00 Times New Roman4-  2 51%xx --$ Times New Roman- 2 47%xx -- $ BB  {Times New Roman4-  2 63%xx --u $u   u u e Times New Roman- 2 e 59%xx -- $ ' '   e  Times New Roman4-  2 69%xx --Z$Z  ZZ dJ Times New Roman- 2 J 61%xx --$  J Times New Roman4-  2 72%xx --~ "- ~~~- - -@ "- @@@Times New Roman- 2 1997xxxx - - -@ "-  @@mm@?Times New Romane-  2 ?1989xxxx Times New Roman>- /"8Times New Roman- f2 /"?(Percentage saying they worry about the problem a "great deal")<xP<PPd<PdP<PPd<dd<<dPd<d<<d<Pddd<<<dP<d<dd<P<P<Pd<PP<<dPP<P< . METAFILEPICT;Dz;DD0 r= 7  &7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-&.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-V'!V'!Times New Roman- Times New Roman1-2 Chart 2xdP Times New Roman4-]jTimes New Roman-2 ]jaI'm going to read you a list of environmental problems. As I read each one please tell me if youP(<dx<xd<Px<Pddx<xx<d<<<dP<xP<dxx<PxxdxPd<<Pxx<dd<<<d<P<Pddx<dddx<xxd<<dddd<Pd<<<d<<P<xx jTimes New Roman1-]2 j9personally worry about this problem a great deal, or not.dPdxxd<<<xPP<dxxxP<Px<d<Pxx<d<d<dPddP<xdd<<<xP<xxP< Times New Roman-8Times New Roman4-2 8]Sources: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 5/89; Princeton Survey Research / Pew ResearchxxxPddd<<d<<x<Pddx<xdP<xx<<<<<<x<xxd<x<xx<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<d<ddddPdx xTimes New Roman1- 2 x Center 11/97dxPdP<xx<xx --!$ "-   # ##~##~# ~# ###~#  "-  AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" """"A"F"Z"["U"}""""""""""""## #1#6#J#K#E#m#r######### AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" """"A"F"Z"["U"}""""""""""""## #1#6#J#K#E#m#r######### AFZ[U} 16JKEmr!&:;5]bvwq*+%MRfga=BVWQy~  -2FGAin}"671Y^rsm &'!INbc]9>RSMuz).BC=ej~y23-UZnoi "#EJ^_Y 5:NOIqv  % * > ? 9 a f z { u           !!.!/!)!Q!V!j!k!e!!!!!!!!!!!" """"A"F"Z"["U"}""""""""""""## #1#6#J#K#E#m#r#########                A F Z [ U }               1 6 J K E m r              ! & : ; 5 ] b v w q             * + % M R f g a                = B V W Q y ~              - 2 F G A i n   }            " 6 7 1 Y ^ r s m             & ' ! I N b c ]                9 > R S M u z              ) . B C = e j ~  y             2 3 - U Z n o i             " #  E J ^ _ Y                5 : N O I q v                %  *  >  ?  9  a  f  z  {  u            ! ! .! /! )! Q! V! j! k! e! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " " " " " A" F" Z" [" U" }" " " " " " " " " " " " # # # 1# 6# J# K# E# m# r# # # # # # # # #                A F Z [ U }               1 6 J K E m r              ! & : ; 5 ] b v w q             * + % M R f g a                = B V W Q y ~              - 2 F G A i n   }            " 6 7 1 Y ^ r s m             & ' ! I N b c ]                9 > R S M u z              ) . B C = e j ~  y             2 3 - U Z n o i             " #  E J ^ _ Y                5 : N O I q v                %  *  >  ?  9  a  f  z  {  u            ! ! .! /! )! Q! V! j! k! e! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " " " " " A" F" Z" [" U" }" " " " " " " " " " " " # # # 1# 6# J# K# E# m# r# # # # # # # # #~~~~~ ~~AFZ[~U~}~~~~~ ~16JK~E~mr~~~~~~!&:;~5~]bvw~q~~~~~*+~%~MRfg~a~~~~~~~=BVW~Q~y~~~~~  ~~-2FG~A~in~}~~~~~"67~1~Y^rs~m~~~~~ &'~!~INbc~]~~~~~~~9>RS~M~uz~~~~~~).BC~=~ej~~y~~~~~23~-~UZno~i~~~~~ "#~~EJ^_~Y~~~~~~ ~5:NO~I~qv~~~~  ~~% * > ? ~9 ~a f z { ~u ~    ~ ~    ~ ~!!.!/!~)!~Q!V!j!k!~e!~!!!!~!~!!!!~!~" """~"~A"F"Z"["~U"~}""""~"~""""~"~""##~ #~1#6#J#K#~E#~m#r###~#~####~#  "-  # ####- --v "-  vvv---8 "-  88vv8- --[ "-  [[||[---ox "-  d[d[- --@ "-  @@~~@---T  "-    x@x@ - --x &  "-  & & d d & ---:   "-    & &  - --] 3  "-    I I  --- "-     "-   ~ "-    # ##D Times New Roman4-  (2 D "Greenhouse effect" orkkkx]k<kPPkkP<xk Times New Roman-  2   global warming<xCxxC<xkCx 3Times New Romane-  92 3!Damage to the earth's ozone layerxxxk<Px<Pk<kxkPC]<xkxk<Cxxkk  Times New Roman-  2  Air pollutionCk<xCCPCx  Times New Romane-  62 Contamination of soil and waterxPxCxPCx<xP<]xCC<x<xPkk4 Times New Roman-  2 4  by toxic waste<x<PxxCk<x]Pk oTimes New Romane-  E2 o)Pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirsxCCPCx<xP<kCxkk]<<Cxk]<x<kk]kkxxCk] 8"MS Sans Serifn-  2 0%} "8"MS Sans Serifn-  2 "100%}}} ---$$Times New Roman- 2 24%xx --K$KwwKK};Times New Roman4-  2 ;35%xx --$;qTimes New Roman- 2 40%xx --0$0\\00 Times New Roman4-  2 51%xx --$ Times New Roman- 2 47%xx -- $ BB  {Times New Roman4-  2 63%xx --u $u   u u e Times New Roman- 2 e 59%xx -- $ ' '   e  Times New Roman4-  2 69%xx --Z$Z  ZZ dJ Times New Roman- 2 J 61%xx --$  J Times New Roman4-  2 72%xx --~ "- ~~~- - -@ "- @@@Times New Roman- 2 1997xxxx - - -@ "-  @@mm@?Times New Romane-  2 ?1989xxxx Times New Roman>- /"8Times New Roman- f2 /"?(Percentage saying they worry about the problem a "great deal")<xP<PPd<PdP<PPd<dd<<dPd<d<<d<Pddd<<<dP<d<dd<P<P<Pd<PP<<dPP<P< .WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerDeltaGraph.DocumentBࡱ>  Root Entry R` COle ContentsBOlePartjjMEGDSrr\&NBH GDML_`lm"%<&Nv:">ZL"'L"'7L"76VstvV"&>  :>tL $o $o    $o&.:>f $o $o  $o  $o  $o  $oD  nD  n.2VzF6% <333333????VUUUwPL@@333333?? (A????KKpۖe@@I@@n7b]B؟i! o(8,<04$rstuvw)Oc >c;  ""y\Vd Vd  ""y\44 ,""y\%% d" (#~  Vc#Fz~z0zZz #  # Source: CBS / New York Times 11/97 P(T~R R rFz~z0zZz   0 d    Do you think global warming is an environmental problem that is causing a serious impact now, or do you think the impact of global warming won't happen until sometime in the future, or do you think global warming won't have a serious impact at all? (~N5#5hz~zZzB6zChart 3 <<8x&L&,FVx<h6FVhVery\rserious\r PGz?? Somewhat\rserious!P?? Not a serious\rproblem"P*\(??Impact\rnow\rPQ??In the futurePRQ??No serious\rimpactrP333333??Very seriouse'PGz??Somewhat seriouse(P??Not a serious problem)P*\(??Impact now\r+Pr= ףp??In the future,PQ??No serious impact\r-Pp= ף??Don't knowrPQ??Don't know\r.P??Heard nothing/P433333?? Don't know#P{Gz??Don't know*P{Gz??*P{Gz??*P{Gz??ddvZ (,> LZ (,> LZ (,> L    Z> L    ZZ L    ZZZ    ZZZZArialTimes New Roman MS Sans SerifArialOlePres000w%. k 7  >7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "->.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vv--$ # k "-% # k---"$" # k" "-%" # k"---Z[ $[ Z[  # k[ Z "-%[ Z[  # k[ Z---; $; ;  # k;  "-%; ;  # k; ---k$k2#k "-%k2#k---k$k"y#k "-%k"y#k---"6$"lF<E5  %  4[ Z[  ;  m (U: Os(" "-6%"lF<E5  %  4[ Z[  ;  m (U: Os("---Z[ $ [ Z f  e ; ;  x> b E5 [ [ Z "-% [ Z f  e ; ;  x> b E5 [ [ Z- --; V$);  4 1:g:V4?`G..k#F.`V4?V:E1bx4  ; ;  "-V%);  4 1:g:V4?`G..k#F.`V4?V:E1bx4  ; ; ---d$0ZAl}7Vy@ A   Re H 0 ~  N   !    W 0 H  e | .  @y\7}.RoZC k "-  u u k k u %%-@@--$$uhZ8Gl*N  C   Dd V k "- Vd  %u u k k u `n `o Vd ---Vd $d V w >  o ;  kVd "- Vd ;  Vd `n u u k k u E F ; ---; <$;  i  1jw V0Vhk#/wjK#%AW k; "- ;  ; E u u k k u g Times New Roman4-2 gImpactPxkkCTimes New RomanQ- 2 nowxxTimes New Roman4-2  (28%)<PxxP  yTimes New RomanQ-$2 yIn the future (51%)Px<Cxk<PxCxPk<PxxP uTimes New Roman4-2 u No seriousx<]kPCxx]uTimes New RomanQ-2 u impact (15%)CxkkC<PxxP 7 Times New Roman4-2 7 Don't know (6%)xx+C<xxx<PxP Times New Roman-<8Times New RomanQ-:2 <"Source: CBS / New York Times 11/97xdd<PP<<x<<<P<d<d<<PP<dd<dd Times New Roman4-PTimes New Roman-N2 P/Do you think global warming is an environmentalx<xx<Px<xx<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<d<dx<dxx<PxxdxPd< @PTimes New RomanQ- T2 @P3problem that is causing a serious impact now, or doPxx<d<PxdP<<d<ddxd<xd<d<ddP<xxd<<ddP<xx<<xP<xx PTimes New Roman- T2 P3you think the impact of global warming won't happenxx<Px<xx<Pxd<<ddP<xP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<xx(P<xddx PTimes New RomanQ- U2 P4until sometime in the future, or do you think globalxxP<<<dxdP<d<<x<Pxd<PxPxPd<<xP<xx<xx<Px<xx<d<xxd<  PTimes New Roman- H2 P+warming won't have a serious impact at all?dP<xd<xx(P<xdxd<d<ddP<xxd<<ddP<dP<d<<d Times New RomanQ- lxTimes New Roman4-2 lxChart 3xdP . METAFILEPICTw%Iw%. k 7  >7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "->.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vv--$ # k "-% # k---"$" # k" "-%" # k"---Z[ $[ Z[  # k[ Z "-%[ Z[  # k[ Z---; $; ;  # k;  "-%; ;  # k; ---k$k2#k "-%k2#k---k$k"y#k "-%k"y#k---"6$"lF<E5  %  4[ Z[  ;  m (U: Os(" "-6%"lF<E5  %  4[ Z[  ;  m (U: Os("---Z[ $ [ Z f  e ; ;  x> b E5 [ [ Z "-% [ Z f  e ; ;  x> b E5 [ [ Z- --; V$);  4 1:g:V4?`G..k#F.`V4?V:E1bx4  ; ;  "-V%);  4 1:g:V4?`G..k#F.`V4?V:E1bx4  ; ; ---d$0ZAl}7Vy@ A   Re H 0 ~  N   !    W 0 H  e | .  @y\7}.RoZC k "-  u u k k u %%-@@--$$uhZ8Gl*N  C   Dd V k "- Vd  %u u k k u `n `o Vd ---Vd $d V w >  o ;  kVd "- Vd ;  Vd `n u u k k u E F ; ---; <$;  i  1jw V0Vhk#/wjK#%AW k; "- ;  ; E u u k k u g Times New Roman4-2 gImpactPxkkCTimes New RomanQ- 2 nowxxTimes New Roman4-2  (28%)<PxxP  yTimes New RomanQ-$2 yIn the future (51%)Px<Cxk<PxCxPk<PxxP uTimes New Roman4-2 u No seriousx<]kPCxx]uTimes New RomanQ-2 u impact (15%)CxkkC<PxxP 7 Times New Roman4-2 7 Don't know (6%)xx+C<xxx<PxP Times New Roman-<8Times New RomanQ-:2 <"Source: CBS / New York Times 11/97xdd<PP<<x<<<P<d<d<<PP<dd<dd Times New Roman4-PTimes New Roman-N2 P/Do you think global warming is an environmentalx<xx<Px<xx<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<d<dx<dxx<PxxdxPd< @PTimes New RomanQ- T2 @P3problem that is causing a serious impact now, or doPxx<d<PxdP<<d<ddxd<xd<d<ddP<xxd<<ddP<xx<<xP<xx PTimes New Roman- T2 P3you think the impact of global warming won't happenxx<Px<xx<Pxd<<ddP<xP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<xx(P<xddx PTimes New RomanQ- U2 P4until sometime in the future, or do you think globalxxP<<<dxdP<d<<x<Pxd<PxPxPd<<xP<xx<xx<Px<xx<d<xxd<  PTimes New Roman- H2 P+warming won't have a serious impact at all?dP<xd<xx(P<xdxd<d<ddP<xxd<<ddP<dP<d<<d Times New RomanQ- lxTimes New Roman4-2 lxChart 3xdP .RS*OLE*WPC!!!!  7  !7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-!.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman$-hP Times New Roman!-2 hPChart 4xdP Times New Roman4-8PTimes New Roman$-U2 8P4We'd like your impression of what scientists believed(x<<<xd<xxP<<Pddd<xx<xP<xdP<dd<dxP<dPd<xd<<dxd xPTimes New Roman!-W2 xP5about global warming. From what you've heard or read,dxxxP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<Px<xdP<xx(xd<xddPx<xP<Pddx< PTimes New Roman$-W2 P5do scientists mostly believe that global warming is axx<dd<dxP<dPd<xdP<<xd<<dxd<PxdP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<d<d PTimes New Roman!-Z2 P7serious threat, mostly believe that it is not a seriousddP<xxd<PxPddP<<xdP<<xd<<dxd<PxdP<<P<<d<xxP<d<ddP<xxd 8 PTimes New Roman$-^2 8 P:threat, or are scientists generally divided on this issue?PxPddP<<xP<dPd<dd<dxP<dPd<ddxdPd<<<x<x<xdx<xx<Px<d<<ddxdd Times New Roman!-l<8Times New Roman4-T2 l<3Source: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 11/97xdd<PP<<P<<dd<<dPd<PP<<dd<<<<<<x<ddPd<dd<dd - - $  l  l "- %  l  - --m $m % l m l "-  %m % l m --- $   l  l "-  %   l  --- $  N l  l "-  %  N l  - -- $  N l  l "-  %  N l  - -- R$' J  1 lK%!.rS(O% `z!ttlzE |O9S*.l%1 $ ;J I N l "-  R%' J  1 lK%!.rS(O% `z!ttlzE |O9S*.l%1 $ ;J I N ---=>$=7!%`b%^(r   g{:FNQ0_4==l=l "-  >%=7!%`b%^(r   g{:FNQ0_4==l=--- "$ m , S_ r E   Ng I ; $    l "-  "% m , S_ r E   Ng I ; $    ---o $o %G %  h  l "-  o   4 }o y            - -- T$( f   { fK?*urh7oO%6}7uu}12OCph1  u o   "-   o 4 }       y y o ---  X$* g I # % G o T  ^@5 pVG)7G=;1LKS85F#  o  "-     4 }            --- $  !# C _I v g     "-    4 }          JTimes New Roman$- 2 JSeriouskPCxx]Times New Roman4- 2 threatCxPkkC"Times New Roman$- 2 " (42%)<PxxP m Times New Roman4- 2 m  Not a seriousxC<k<]kPCxx] mTimes New Roman$- 2 m threat (6%)CxPkkC<PxP Times New Roman4- 2  GenerallykxkPkCCx^Times New Roman$- 2 ^dividedxCxCxkxTimes New Roman4- 2  (44%)<PxxP  Times New Roman$- 2  Don't know (8%)xx+C<xxx<PxP .WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerDeltaGraph.Document<ࡱ>   Root Entry R`{d"DOle ContentsBOlePartwwMEGDc{&V fGM_`l4m<>~%&.zL"&VL"7tstV"&>  |:>rH $o $o %   $o.:>f $o $o  $o  $o  $o  $oD  nD  n(,Ptr6& <????-qq\ j@@?? (A????  }f@@I@@^5]li! o(8,<04$rstuvw"y\ !"y\*|*| "!"y\UgUg v!)OB JB ?  !(Dz]33 l  Chart 4 'P(TDzRR u     !   5 k    We'd like your impression of what scientists believe about global warming. From what you've heard or read, do scientists mostly believe that global warming is a serious threat, mostly believe that it is not a serious threat, or are scientists generally divided on this issue? (4DzV\l4    4  4 Source: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 11/97 ttNd2L\l|Serious\rthreat\rNot a serious\rthreatGenerally\rdivided\rDon't knowPzG??PQ??P)\(?? P{Gz??$zzZ (,> L2ArialTimes New RomanArialOlePres000&0  7  !7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-!.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman$-hP Times New Roman!-2 hPChart 4xdP Times New Roman4-8PTimes New Roman$-U2 8P4We'd like your impression of what scientists believed(x<<<xd<xxP<<Pddd<xx<xP<xdP<dd<dxP<dPd<xd<<dxd xPTimes New Roman!-W2 xP5about global warming. From what you've heard or read,dxxxP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<Px<xdP<xx(xd<xddPx<xP<Pddx< PTimes New Roman$-W2 P5do scientists mostly believe that global warming is axx<dd<dxP<dPd<xdP<<xd<<dxd<PxdP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<d<d PTimes New Roman!-Z2 P7serious threat, mostly believe that it is not a seriousddP<xxd<PxPddP<<xdP<<xd<<dxd<PxdP<<P<<d<xxP<d<ddP<xxd 8 PTimes New Roman$-^2 8 P:threat, or are scientists generally divided on this issue?PxPddP<<xP<dPd<dd<dxP<dPd<ddxdPd<<<x<x<xdx<xx<Px<d<<ddxdd Times New Roman!-l<8Times New Roman4-T2 l<3Source: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 11/97xdd<PP<<P<<dd<<dPd<PP<<dd<<<<<<x<ddPd<dd<dd - - $  l  l "- %  l  - --m $m % l m l "-  %m % l m --- $   l  l "-  %   l  --- $  N l  l "-  %  N l  - -- $  N l  l "-  %  N l  - -- R$' J  1 lK%!.rS(O% `z!ttlzE |O9S*.l%1 $ ;J I N l "-  R%' J  1 lK%!.rS(O% `z!ttlzE |O9S*.l%1 $ ;J I N ---=>$=7!%`b%^(r   g{:FNQ0_4==l=l "-  >%=7!%`b%^(r   g{:FNQ0_4==l=--- "$ m , S_ r E   Ng I ; $    l "-  "% m , S_ r E   Ng I ; $    ---o $o %G %  h  l "-  o   4 }o y            - -- T$( f   { fK?*urh7oO%6}7uu}12OCph1  u o   "-   o 4 }       y y o ---  X$* g I # % G o T  ^@5 pVG)7G=;1LKS85F#  o  "-     4 }            --- $  !# C _I v g     "-    4 }          JTimes New Roman$- 2 JSeriouskPCxx]Times New Roman4- 2 threatCxPkkC"Times New Roman$- 2 " (42%)<PxxP m Times New Roman4- 2 m  Not a seriousxC<k<]kPCxx] mTimes New Roman$- 2 m threat (6%)CxPkkC<PxP Times New Roman4- 2  GenerallykxkPkCCx^Times New Roman$- 2 ^dividedxCxCxkxTimes New Roman4- 2  (44%)<PxxP  Times New Roman$- 2  Don't know (8%)xx+C<xxx<PxP . METAFILEPICT&&0  7  !7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-!.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman$-hP Times New Roman!-2 hPChart 4xdP Times New Roman4-8PTimes New Roman$-U2 8P4We'd like your impression of what scientists believed(x<<<xd<xxP<<Pddd<xx<xP<xdP<dd<dxP<dPd<xd<<dxd xPTimes New Roman!-W2 xP5about global warming. From what you've heard or read,dxxxP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<Px<xdP<xx(xd<xddPx<xP<Pddx< PTimes New Roman$-W2 P5do scientists mostly believe that global warming is axx<dd<dxP<dPd<xdP<<xd<<dxd<PxdP<d<xxd<<dP<xd<<d<d PTimes New Roman!-Z2 P7serious threat, mostly believe that it is not a seriousddP<xxd<PxPddP<<xdP<<xd<<dxd<PxdP<<P<<d<xxP<d<ddP<xxd 8 PTimes New Roman$-^2 8 P:threat, or are scientists generally divided on this issue?PxPddP<<xP<dPd<dd<dxP<dPd<ddxdPd<<<x<x<xdx<xx<Px<d<<ddxdd Times New Roman!-l<8Times New Roman4-T2 l<3Source: Gallup Organization / CNN / USA Today 11/97xdd<PP<<P<<dd<<dPd<PP<<dd<<<<<<x<ddPd<dd<dd - - $  l  l "- %  l  - --m $m % l m l "-  %m % l m --- $   l  l "-  %   l  --- $  N l  l "-  %  N l  - -- $  N l  l "-  %  N l  - -- R$' J  1 lK%!.rS(O% `z!ttlzE |O9S*.l%1 $ ;J I N l "-  R%' J  1 lK%!.rS(O% `z!ttlzE |O9S*.l%1 $ ;J I N ---=>$=7!%`b%^(r   g{:FNQ0_4==l=l "-  >%=7!%`b%^(r   g{:FNQ0_4==l=--- "$ m , S_ r E   Ng I ; $    l "-  "% m , S_ r E   Ng I ; $    ---o $o %G %  h  l "-  o   4 }o y            - -- T$( f   { fK?*urh7oO%6}7uu}12OCph1  u o   "-   o 4 }       y y o ---  X$* g I # % G o T  ^@5 pVG)7G=;1LKS85F#  o  "-     4 }            --- $  !# C _I v g     "-    4 }          JTimes New Roman$- 2 JSeriouskPCxx]Times New Roman4- 2 threatCxPkkC"Times New Roman$- 2 " (42%)<PxxP m Times New Roman4- 2 m  Not a seriousxC<k<]kPCxx] mTimes New Roman$- 2 m threat (6%)CxPkkC<PxP Times New Roman4- 2  GenerallykxkPkCCx^Times New Roman$- 2 ^dividedxCxCxkxTimes New Roman4- 2  (44%)<PxxP  Times New Roman$- 2  Don't know (8%)xx+C<xxx<PxP .YZ*OLE*))))'dxdWPCqAqA!qAV * 7  Aq7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-Aq.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman-P Times New RomanQ-2 PChart 5xdP Times New Roman-pPTimes New Roman-R2 pP2One hundred years from now, do you believe the airxd<xxxxPdx<ddPd<PPx<xx<<xx<xx<xd<<dxd<Pxd<d<P PTimes New RomanQ-Q2 P1and water in this country will be cleaner or moredxx<dPdP<<x<Px<d<dxxxPP<<<<<xd<d<ddxdP<xP<xPd PTimes New Roman-+2 Ppolluted than it is now?x<<xPdx<Pxdx<<P<<d<xxd Times New RomanQ-PTimes New Roman-Q2 P1Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98xxxPdd<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<ddddx<x<xx - -W F$FW F G G  FW S "- %FW F G G  FW - --r $ r *G G  rS "-  % r *G G  r---t $ t ,G G  tS "-  % t ,G G  t--- $  G G  S "-  %  G G  --- $  n  vBKIIeu* S "-  %  n  vBKIIeu* --- 2$ n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. S "-  2% n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. ---r $ r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * rS "-  % r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * r---t $ tB  +   d | dx D , tS "-  % tB  +   d | dx D , t- -- V$) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   S "-  V%) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   ---[ Dp$6D[ o  s + `  k W4  yMjS+A5 / / 5d A SB j  {   8 4 k / u+ s   K[ o  V   X  oWK Fu/ ] lH  S "-  [ Dl 7[ De N Q  R  G  G  Q v v l -@@--l $ lz "  b ; b tH  l "-  l t 7l v  Q  P  G  G  Q ~ ~ t ---t $ t]     H  t "-  t  7t ~  Q  P  G  G  Q    --- B$ d 2t`O%@MN  3c:B  C   A  ) D[ H   "-   [ D7   Q  P  G  G  Q e Ne M[ D:Times New Roman- 2 :CleanerCkkxkPzTimes New Roman- 2 z (32%)<PxxP Times New Roman- $2 More polluted (57%)xPk<xxCCxCkx<PxxP g Times New Roman- $2 g About the same (6%)xxxC<Cxk<]kk<PxP  Times New Roman- 2  Don't know (5%)xx+C<xxx<PxP .WPWin 6.0/OLE 1.0 Prefix Information MarkerDeltaGraph.Document<ࡱ>  Root Entry R`jsDOle ContentsBOlePart~~MEGDO7&\GM_`&ldmln%&.zL"'7L"76VstV"&>  :>tL $o $o    $o/.:>f $o $o  $o  $o  $o  $oD  nD  n.2VzF6% <333333????@t@@333333?? (A????@@{ۣe@@I@@n@] 1i! o(8,<04$rstuvw&"y\   d""y\ R R ""y\0O0O ")OX 7V H$  "(T33Vz Chart 5 t0(8~2 2 7rDr~oop@q ~  3 e ~ One hundred years from now, do you believe the air and water in this country will be cleaner or more polluted than it is now? (2L)62Jrr8so 2  2 Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98  Bf .`2VzPpCleaner\rP|Gz??More pollutedP> ףp=??About the samehPQ??Under control\r'P(\??Not under control\r(P|Gz??Not sure)P{Gz??Don't knowrP??Cleaner+P|Gz??More polluted,P> ףp=??About the same (Volunteered)3-PQ??Don't knowr.P??Under\rcontrol\r0 Not under\rcontrol\r0 Not sure0"P{Gz??!P|Gz?? P(\??ow/<0.5%Don't know/<0.5%.5%<0.5%.5%/<0.5%vvZ (,> LArialTimes New Roman MS Sans SerifArialOlePres000q'*.T * 7  Aq7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-Aq.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman-P Times New RomanQ-2 PChart 5xdP Times New Roman-pPTimes New Roman-R2 pP2One hundred years from now, do you believe the airxd<xxxxPdx<ddPd<PPx<xx<<xx<xx<xd<<dxd<Pxd<d<P PTimes New RomanQ-Q2 P1and water in this country will be cleaner or moredxx<dPdP<<x<Px<d<dxxxPP<<<<<xd<d<ddxdP<xP<xPd PTimes New Roman-+2 Ppolluted than it is now?x<<xPdx<Pxdx<<P<<d<xxd Times New RomanQ-PTimes New Roman-Q2 P1Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98xxxPdd<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<ddddx<x<xx - -W F$FW F G G  FW S "- %FW F G G  FW - --r $ r *G G  rS "-  % r *G G  r---t $ t ,G G  tS "-  % t ,G G  t--- $  G G  S "-  %  G G  --- $  n  vBKIIeu* S "-  %  n  vBKIIeu* --- 2$ n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. S "-  2% n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. ---r $ r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * rS "-  % r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * r---t $ tB  +   d | dx D , tS "-  % tB  +   d | dx D , t- -- V$) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   S "-  V%) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   ---[ Dp$6D[ o  s + `  k W4  yMjS+A5 / / 5d A SB j  {   8 4 k / u+ s   K[ o  V   X  oWK Fu/ ] lH  S "-  [ Dl 7[ De N Q  R  G  G  Q v v l -@@--l $ lz "  b ; b tH  l "-  l t 7l v  Q  P  G  G  Q ~ ~ t ---t $ t]     H  t "-  t  7t ~  Q  P  G  G  Q    --- B$ d 2t`O%@MN  3c:B  C   A  ) D[ H   "-   [ D7   Q  P  G  G  Q e Ne M[ D:Times New Roman- 2 :CleanerCkkxkPzTimes New Roman- 2 z (32%)<PxxP Times New Roman- $2 More polluted (57%)xPk<xxCCxCkx<PxxP g Times New Roman- $2 g About the same (6%)xxxC<Cxk<]kk<PxP  Times New Roman- 2  Don't know (5%)xx+C<xxx<PxP . METAFILEPICTq'\q'*. * 7  Aq7LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U45- "-Aq.4577LLL333LLٳ@}hT@@@@T@}hT@@@}hT@@@ٳ@}hT@L}}LfY3&3L3LYfL̙̙ff333f3ff3ff33ffffwwwUUUDDD"""U5-  "-vvTimes New Roman-P Times New RomanQ-2 PChart 5xdP Times New Roman-pPTimes New Roman-R2 pP2One hundred years from now, do you believe the airxd<xxxxPdx<ddPd<PPx<xx<<xx<xx<xd<<dxd<Pxd<d<P PTimes New RomanQ-Q2 P1and water in this country will be cleaner or moredxx<dPdP<<x<Px<d<dxxxPP<<<<<xd<d<ddxdP<xP<xPd PTimes New Roman-+2 Ppolluted than it is now?x<<xPdx<Pxdx<<P<<d<xxd Times New RomanQ-PTimes New Roman-Q2 P1Source: Princeton Survey Research / Newsweek 2/98xxxPdd<<P<xddPxx<xxPxd<ddddPdx<<<ddddx<x<xx - -W F$FW F G G  FW S "- %FW F G G  FW - --r $ r *G G  rS "-  % r *G G  r---t $ t ,G G  tS "-  % t ,G G  t--- $  G G  S "-  %  G G  --- $  n  vBKIIeu* S "-  %  n  vBKIIeu* --- 2$ n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. S "-  2% n  vBK l/ l r *',Gis. ---r $ r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * rS "-  % r\  q 5 f t ,I  8  B * r---t $ tB  +   d | dx D , tS "-  % tB  +   d | dx D , t- -- V$) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   S "-  V%) G +c1*l` lz DB n  &Daz$ `$*mDd+|G   ---[ Dp$6D[ o  s + `  k W4  yMjS+A5 / / 5d A SB j  {   8 4 k / u+ s   K[ o  V   X  oWK Fu/ ] lH  S "-  [ Dl 7[ De N Q  R  G  G  Q v v l -@@--l $ lz "  b ; b tH  l "-  l t 7l v  Q  P  G  G  Q ~ ~ t ---t $ t]     H  t "-  t  7t ~  Q  P  G  G  Q    --- B$ d 2t`O%@MN  3c:B  C   A  ) D[ H   "-   [ D7   Q  P  G  G  Q e Ne M[ D:Times New Roman- 2 :CleanerCkkxkPzTimes New Roman- 2 z (32%)<PxxP Times New Roman- $2 More polluted (57%)xPk<xxCCxCkx<PxxP g Times New Roman- $2 g About the same (6%)xxxC<Cxk<]kk<PxP  Times New Roman- 2  Don't know (5%)xx+C<xxx<PxP .( $ Figure  1  Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5\[&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKKadA X Cbcbc'dxd3+0 d d d3+0 d d dddfgM << deUULevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(n$ (  1  ) \[XA<< CjkA<<BLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(P$ Table  1  mnA<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  -p!XxXXxXXXx  _0X.XXXx  51 __  _   `     h _ _WaitingforaSignal:PublicAttitudestowardGlobalWarming,theEnvironmentand h GeophysicalResearch   AReportfrom4B z 9O  5  PublicAgenda6 9O-  7 K 8 by4I 9O  5  JohnImmerwahr69O-  7     April15,1999  p     `     h     Background `   @    In1997,thePublicInformationCommittee(PIC)oftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion  invitedJohnImmerwahr,SeniorResearchFellowatPublicAgenda,togivethecommitteeabackgroundreportonpublicopinion.ThisinitialdiscussionresultedinapartnershipwithPublicAgenda4J N9O  5  69O-  7 Nwhichgrewoutofseveralmutuallysharedconcerns:1)asensethatpublicopinionon H thetopicsofconcerntoAGUwasgenerallynotwellunderstood;and2)abeliefthataclearerunderstandingofpublicopiniondataonthesetopicscouldfacilitatedialogueonimportantenvironmentalandgeophysicalissues.FromtheperspectiveofthePIC,theresultsoftheresearchcouldalsohelpinformtheAGU'scommunicationefforts.Foritspart,PublicAgendawelcomedtheopportunitytoexploreattitudesinthisimportantarea,and,atsomelaterpoint,PublicAgendamayseekfundingformoreambitiousresearchonsomeofthetopicsofinteresttogeophysicists.  Thepartnershipledtoaseriesofpreliminaryinvestigations.Thefirstactivity,onMarch4,1997,wasaninitialexploratoryfocusgroup,conductedbyPublicAgenda,forthemembersofthePIC.ThisgroupwasheldatamarketresearchfacilityintheWashington,DCarea,scheduledtocoordinatewithoneofthePICmeetings.Therespondentswereselectedaccordingtoaquotasampleplan(seemethodologysectionfordetails),andmembersofthePICsatbehindaonewaymirrorwhileJohnImmerwahrmoderatedafocusgroupdiscussiononavarietyofpreselectedtopics.BothPublicAgendaandthePICfeltthatthefocusgroupwasthoughtprovoking,sotwofollowupprojectswereadded.First,PublicAgendasearchedadatabaseof x-(: existingpublicopiniondataongeophysicaltopics,andsecond,PublicAgendaconductedaseriesoffouradditionalfocusgroupsin1998.WorkingwithasubcommitteefromPIC,PublicAgendaselectedfourcitiesfortheresearchCharleston,SC,LosAngeles,DesMoines,andPhoenix.Tofocusthediscussion,thesubcommitteeagreedtoexplorefourtopics:globalwarming,wateravailability,earthquakeresearch,andspaceresearch.  Thisreportsummarizesthefindingsfromboththedatabasesearchofexistingsurveyliteratureandfromthefocusgroups. h Twocaveats,however,arenecessarybeforeproceeding   withthediscussion.0  First,whatisreportedhereareperceptions,ratherthanobjectivedata.Whilepeoplerespondingtopublicopinionsurveysaretypicallyveryclearaboutthingsthatconcernthemdirectly,theyareoftenconfusedormisinformedabouttopicswithwhichtheyarelessfamiliar.Manyofthetopicsthatwediscussedarenotroutinelydebatedbyaveragecitizens.Notsurprisingly,theirinformationwassometimesinaccurateoroutofdate.Nonetheless,publicperceptionsaccurateorinaccurateareextremelyimportantinmanypolicyissues,andpolicymakersknowthatitismuchmoredifficulttomoveinoppositiontopublicbeliefs,evenwhenthereisadisconnectbetweenpublicopinionandexpertanalysis. (#(# 0   0(#(#Second,theremarksinthisreportarebasedontwodifferentsourcesofevidence.In  ( somecases,wereportsurveydatafromnationalrandomsamplesurveyswhichwerenotconductedbyPublicAgenda.Theyare,however,asfaraswecandetermine,basedonacceptedsocialscienceresearchmethods,andthosewhoareinterestedinadditionaldatamayconsult4;  9O  5  PublicAgendasWebsite639OG-  7 &uԀwhichcontainsadditionalinformationonpublic p&!0 attitudestowardtheenvironment.4A 9O  5  6Y9Om-  7 '(#2(#(#  @)$4 0     Inothercases,ouranalysisincludesquotationsfromthefivefocusgroupsconductedwithatotalofabout50individualsforthisproject.Whilethecommentsoftheseparticipantsareoftenhighlysuggestive,ourinterpretationsareintendedtobehypothesesforfurtherstudy,ratherthandefinitivefindings. (#(#  ChangingAttitudestowardtheEnvironment       Attitudestowardenvironmentaltopics(amajorinteresttogeophysicists)havebeenremarkablyfluidinthelastseveraldecades.Sometimebackinthe1970s,thepublicexhibitedagrowingconsciousnessoftheimportanceoftheenvironment,oftheconcernaboutnon_replenishable_Ԁresources,andofthefragilityoftheecosystem.Thereafter,acertainlevelofenvironmentalconsciousnessbecametheculturalnorm.Inarecentsurvey,WirthlinWorldwidefoundthatmanyAmericanslistthemselvesaseithersympathetictoenvironmentalconcerns(57%)orasactiveenvironmentalists(12%).Amere3%listthemselvesasunsympatheticto (#(#(#(#environmentalconcerns.#XxXX0X.i#0X.XXXx ! "  1      #XxXX0X.#0X.XXXxԀ(seeChart1) ` p]H<,(`~0Kp7 `&.Ep77%p  Althoughawarenessandsensitivitytoenvironmentalissuescontinuetobewidespread,concernabouttheenvironmenthastypicallyrankedbehindotherissuesthepublicfindsmorepressing,suchaseducation,theeconomyandcrime.Whatisevenmorestriking,however,isthat,oflate,theintensityofconcernabouttheenvironmenthasdiminished.Chart2documentsasignificantdropinconcernaboutawiderangeofenvironmentalissues.  "  2      ׀ p&!0  '(#2(#(#   Whataccountsforthisdeclineininterest, andwhatwouldittaketogetthepublicmoreengagedbygeophysicalissues?Someofthegeophysicistswehavespokentohavesuggestedthatthepublicisapatheticandneedstobeawakenedtotheseriousnessoftheconsequencesofignoringsomeoftheseproblems,especiallyglobalwarming.Whatisneeded,thesescientists̀say,isaconcertededucationalefforttoconvincethepublicoftheimportanceoftheseissues.p]F<,(`~04 `.!E4ep  Ourresearchsuggests,however,thatthismaynotbethesolution.Thepublic'sattitudestowardtheenvironmentarecomplexandareaffectedbyanumberofdifferentfactors.Onmanyaspectsoftheissue,thepublicisalreadyconvincedofthegravityoftheproblems.But,otherconsiderationsandcomplexitiessaptheirenergyforthinkingfurtherordealingwiththese #(##(#(#(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# #(##(##(##(# @)$4#(##(# problems.Forone,theseissuesaresocomplexandtechnicalthatscientiststhemselvesdon'tagreeaboutthem.Furthermore,manypeopledoubtthereareviablesolutionstotheseproblems.Manyrespondentsinourfocusgroupswereconvincedthattheunderlyingcauseofenvironmentalproblems(suchaspollutionandtoxicwaste)isapervasiveclimateoframpantselfishnessandgreed,andsincetheyseethismoraldeteriorationtobeirreversible,theyfeelthatenvironmentalproblemsareunsolvable.Asaresult,convincingpeopleoftheseriousnessoftheproblemsisatbestonlypartofthesolution,andmay,infact,becounterproductive.  Communicationeffortsthataredesignedto"pumpupthevolume"ontheseriousnessofgeophysicalproblemsmaybackfire.Theissueisnotthatpeopleareapathetic,butthattheyarefrustratedandconfused.Moretalkabouttheseriousnessoftheproblemswithoutalsoconvincingpeoplethatsomethingcanbedonetoalleviatethemmayonlyincreasetheirsenseofhopelessnessratherthanleadtoproductivedebateanddialogue.  Whilepublicthinkingaboutglobalwarmingmaybethebestexampleofthispattern,allthreeoftheotherissueswateravailability,spaceresearchandearthquakeresearchalsoreflectinonewayortheotherthissameambivalenceinpublicthinking.Wehypothesizethatagenuinelevelofconcernisbeingblockedandfragmentedbyfactorsthatdistractthepublicfromreachingconsensusorcompromiseaboutsolutions.  h&     `     h   @#GlobalWarming     Ofthefourissueswelookedat,globalwarmingisclearlytheonewiththehighestsalienceamongthepublic,andalsoonewhereagreatdealofsurveyliteratureisavailable.Asaresult,wespeakwithgreaterconfidenceaboutpublicopiniononthisissue. HighLevelsofConcern   p    Americansareconcernedaboutglobalwarming.Onesurveyin1997foundthatthreeoutoffourAmericans(74%)believethattheearth'satmosphereisgraduallywarmingasaresultofairpollutionandthat,inthelongrun,thiscouldhavecatastrophicconsequences. 6 "  3      ׀      Nearly  everyonewespoketointhefocusgroupsechoedthisview.Virtuallyeveryonehadheardofthisissue,andmostwereconcernedaboutitatleasttosomedegree.Afewtypicalcomments:0     Theearth'stemperatureisrising,duetopollution,anditisdestroyingourozonelayer. ` Thetemperaturehascomeupfourdegrees,anditcouldproducedevastatingimpactssuchasmeltingthepolarcaps.DesMoines,woman. (#(# 0     Globalwarming.Ithasalottodowiththeozonelayer,andwithalloftheicemeltingandstufflikethat.Thewarmingcomesbecauseoftheicecapsmelting.LosAngeles,man. ((#(#   Inadditiontotheconcernaboutglobalwarming,manypeoplewereconcernedaboutchangesintheearth'sclimate,andaboutunstableweather.PeopleinDesMoineswereparticularlyconcernedabouttheweatheranditsimpactonfarmers.  '(#2  X   0  Thefarmersaredoingbadly.Agoodfriendofmineisafarmer.Hehasplantedand   replantedbecauseoftheclimate.Manyfarmershavelosttheirfarmsandgoneintootherworklikesellinginsurance.DesMoines,woman. (#(# 0     Wearefarmershere,andwehavetohavetherightclimatetogrowthings.Thefarm P  economyisworsethanithasbeeninawhile.DesMoines,man. (#(# 0     Weatherandunusualweathercircumstancesseemtobeinthenewsthesedays.Wehearaboutdroughts,tornadoes,hurricanes.Thisyearhasbeendominatedbyweatherrelatedoddities.LosAngeles,man.X (#(# p]><,(`~05}L `#.E}L}LZp  Thereisalsoagreatdealofagreementabouttheimportanceofglobalwarming.Gallupfoundthatmanypeoplefeelthatinthenext25years,globalwarmingwillhaveaveryor (#(#(#(#somewhatharmfuleffectonthingssuchasagriculturalproduction(74%),thesurvivalofmanyanimalandplantspecies(73%),andevenonhumanhealthitself(72%).       # "  4     Manyof 0  ourrespondentssaidthatglobalwarmingandthefactorsthatcauseglobalwarmingarealsoassociatedwithhealthproblems,especiallycancer.Whileonly28%thinkthatglobalwarminghashadaseriousimpactalready,51%thinkitwillhaveaseriousimpactinthefuture. 7 "  5      ׀(SsSseeChart3) %X .   Thereisarealsenseofslow,butinevitablecatastropheassociatedwith@)$4(#(# growingpollution,thedestructionoftherainforests,andthegradualwarmingoftheplanet.Thefollowingquotesillustratesomeoftheconcernsweheard:0     Wehavenowhereelsetogo,andifwedestroythisearth,wearelost.Charleston, 8 woman. (#(# 0     Everythingisheretobeinbalance.Nowwearecuttingdowntherainforest,andwedon'tevenknowwhatitiswearelosing.Phoenix,man. (#(# 0     Bytheyear2020thingswillbealotworse.Itmakesyouquestionhowbaditwillreallyget.LosAngeles,man. (#(#  AStalledDiscussion     Giventhewidespreadconcernaboutglobalwarming,onemightexpectthattherewouldbeagrowingpressureforsolutions.But,aswehaveseenbyatleastsomemeasures,concernabouttheproblemisdecreasingratherthanincreasing.Thepercentageofpeoplewhoworryagreatdealaboutdamagetotheearth'sozonelayerhasdroppedfrom51%in1989to40%in1997,andthepercentageofpeoplewhoworryagreatdealaboutglobalwarmingandthegreenhouseeffectdroppedfrom35%to24%inthesameperiod. = "  6       h&   Boththefocusgroupsandthesurveyresearchsuggestthatthereisalsonoconsensusonwhattodoaboutglobalwarming.Ourresearchsuggeststhatthereareanumberofreasonswhypeoplemaybestuck.  1.Mostpeopledonotreallyunderstandglobalwarming.Itisobviousthatwhilepeople '(#2 havethegeneralideathatthereisaproblemwithsomethingcalledozone,causedbypollution, @)$4 whichiscausingtheearth'stemperaturetoincreaseandperhapscausingweatherinstability,theyclearlyhavenoideahowthisworks,whatthetermsmeanorwhathumanactivitiescontributetotheproblem.Theirknowledgeisalso,insomecases,outmodedorinaccurateandpeopleoftenconfuseitwithotherproblems,suchasdepletionoftheozonelayeroracidrain.While65%identifyautomobileexhaustasacauseofglobalwarming,athirdofthepublicalsoidentifiesnuclearpowerplantsasasource.Manypeoplethinkthataerosolspraysarestillamajorproblem. C "  7      ׀Infocusgroupdiscussions,theoriesandpoorlyrememberedfactswerebounced  p  aroundquickly,withnoconsensusonwhatwasaccurateorinaccurate.  2.Noacceptedsourceofinformation.Clearlythescientificcommunityhasnotconveyed X  asenseofunanimityonthesubjectofglobalwarming.A1997Gallupsurveyfoundthatonly42%ofthepublicbelievesthatscientistsmostlybelievethatglobalwarmingisarealthreat;thepublicisjustaslikely(44%)tosaythatscientistsaredividedontheissue. D "  8      ׀(SseeChart4)  p]Q<,(`~0Oo} `$.Eo}}$#p (#(#(#(#    Asaresultofthefactthattheyhavenotheardaclearscientificvoiceonthissubject,peopleturntoanecdotalandimpressionisticevidenceastowhetherthereissuchathingasglobalwarming.Recenthotweatheristakenasevidenceforglobalwarming,andrecentcoldweatheristakenasevidenceagainstit.PeoplerelyonpoorlyrecollectedfactsfromTVormagazines. 0  )'(#2(#(#(#(# ) X   0  [I'mnotsosureaboutglobal warming]WehavehadthecoolestJunewehavehadina  longtime.YoucouldusuallycountonyourfistthehundreddegreedayswewouldhavebyMothersDay,butwedidn'tgetaonethisyear.Phoenix,woman (#(# 0     Iworkataseniorcitizenscenter,andtheywilltellyoutheclimateisnotthewayitusedtobe.Itisunpredictable,anditiswarmer.Theseoldpeoplecantellyousomegoodstoriesaboutthelong,hardwinters.DesMoines,woman. (#(# 0     Iheardthatonevolcaniceruptionwillputmorepollutantsintotheairthanmankindwillinitsentirehistory.Phoenix,man. (#(# 0     Thescientists,theydisagreewitheachotheraboutthis.DesMoines,_Mman._ (#(#   3.Therealcauseishumangreed.Thebiggestfactorthatderailsanykindofconsensus H aboutdealingwithglobalwarmingistheanalysisthatpeoplehaveoftheunderlyingcauseofglobalwarming.Whileourfocusgrouprespondentstendedtosaythatglobalwarmingiscausedbydeforestationandpollution,theywerealsoquicktopointoutthattheunderlyingcauseishumangreedandmoralcorruption.Moreover,theybelievedthat,asfarasthesefactorsareconcerned,"thetoothpasteisoutofthetube,"andweareunlikelytoreversethesetrendsinthenearfuture.    Whenthinkingaboutglobalwarming,inotherwords,ourrespondentstypicallysawitasbeingdrivenbyhumanswhoareunwillingtodotherightthing,thatisaseeminglyirreversibledeteriorationinmoralvalues.Whattheysaid,overandoveragain,wasthatpeoplehavebecomemoreselfcentered,greedyandmaterialistic,andasaresult,thesocietyisinevitablypushedtowardmoreconsumption,whichinturncausesmorepollutionandexacerbatesthetrendtowardglobalwarming.Herearesamplecommentsonthistheme: @)$4 51  5 5  51  5 5  0     Thecauseispeoplenotcaring,takingeverythingforgranted.DesMoines,woman.(#(# 0     Itisthatdreamthatbiggerisbetter,andwhohasthemosttoyswins.Thathasalottodowithit.Everyoneiseithertryingtooutdoeachother,ortheyaremergingtodoalittlebitmorethanothers.LosAngeles,man. (#(# 0     Itisunrealistictostopdoingallofthosethingsthatareruiningtheenvironment.Ithasbeenaroundsolong,wearenowconditionedtothiswayoflife.Hasanyonelostpowerforaweek?Youwillrunaroundlikeachickenwiththeheadcutoff.Butintheolddays,wedidn'thaveelectricityandwedidjustfine.DesMoines,man. (#(# 0     Weshouldgobacktonaturalfoodsandpaperproducts.Butwewon'tbecausepeoplearetoolazy.Washington,DC,man. (#(# 0     Takeawaypeople'smotivationtolivetheircurrentlifestyles.Thatwillsolvetheglobalwarmingproblem.Charleston,man. (#(#   Fromthepublic'spointofview,solutionsareevenlesslikelybecausetheywouldinvolveunifiedaction,withmanypeopleactingtogether.Justasitseemsimpossibletogetindividualstochange,itseemsevenmoredifficulttogetlargenumbersoforganizationsandindividualstochangeatonce.0     Ifweweregoingtodealwiththis,everythingwouldhavetochange.Thepeoplewho #, owntheoilcompanieswouldhavetochange,everyonewouldhavetochange.Phoenix,man. (#(#   '(#2 0     Wewouldhavetodosomethingdrasticandimmediate.Itwouldhavetohappennow andeveryonewouldhavetodoit.LosAngeles,woman. (#(#   4.Therearenoactionablesolutions.Lookingatglobalwarmingasaresultof 8 irreversiblemoraldeteriorationeffectivelycausespeopletothinkthattheproblemisunsolvable.Sincemostpeopledonotseeanyobviouswaytochangehumannatureandreturntoasimpler,lessselfishlifestyle,theresultisthattheproblemofglobalwarmingseemsintractable.Toputitanotherway,whenpeopletalkaboutsolvingtheproblemofglobalwarming,theyalmostneverpointoutspecificactionswhichtheyseeaspossible.Instead,whatthesolutionstheymentionhaveincommonisthattheydonotinvolvebehavioralchangesthatarepossibleinthehereandnow.  Furthermore,theyfeelthatsolutionswillrequirecoordinationamongdifferentcountries,andtheythinkthiscoordinationisunlikelytomaterialize.AsonemanfromCharlestonsaid:0     Wemightagreetodealwithsomeproblemhereinthiscountry,buthowlikelydoyou  thinkitisthatpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwillgoalong?0 (#(#   Generallyspeaking,thetwosolutionspeopledomentionareeitherpainlesstechnologicalsolutions(sothattheproblemwillbesolvedwithoutanyactiveparticipationbyindividuals)orsomesortofapocalypticbreakdownsocatastrophicthatitforcespeopletochangetheirbehaviorscompletely.Forexample,inPhoenixtwomensaidthatacompletechangeinautomotivetechnologywouldhelpsolvetheproblem.0     Wewouldallhavetodrivebatterypoweredcarsthatwereaffordableandwouldgo75 p&!0 milesperhourdownthehighway. (#(#  @)$4 0     Itwouldbelikewhentheygotridofcarburetorsforfuelinjection.Thecarsgotmoreefficientandyoudidn'tknowanythingaboutit. (#(#   Ourrespondentsmoreoftenmentionedtheideaofacompletecataclysmiceventthatwassoseriousthatitcausedeveryonetowakeup,seethedangerandchangetheirways.0     Ourliveswillbesoimpactedbythedevastationwehavedonethatwewillbeaffected  p  enoughtorealizewhatisgoingon.Theenvironmentwillgetworseandwewillrealizewhatwehavedone.DesMoines,woman. (#(# 0     Itislikequittingsmoking.Itishardtodountilyouhaveaheartattack.DesMoines,man.(x(#(#  FrustrationandParalysis  H   Ourrespondents,then,seemedtohavehitawall.Theysaidtheycaredeeplyaboutglobalwarming,buttheirconcerndidnottranslateintoanyforwardmotion.Astheythoughtabouttheproblem,theyseemedtorunintobrickwalls,characterizedbylackofclearknowledge,seeminglyirreversiblecauses,andaproblemwithnorealsolution.Asaresulttheywerefrustratedandeagerforasolutionbutunsureofwhichwaytogo.  Thesymptomsofthisfrustrationareclear.Thefirstisthatpeopleliterallydon'tliketothinkortalkaboutthesubject.Ourrespondentsalwaysseemedtowanttomovethetopicfromglobalwarmingitselftomorefamiliartopics,suchasmoraldeterioration,whereatleasttheyfeltonfirmerground.  '(#2   Asecondsymptomofthefrustratedstateofpublicopiniononthistopiciswhatmightbe calledvolatility.Whenpeopleareblockedandseenooutletfortheirconcerns,theiropinionscanchangequicklyandeasily,astheyseekawayoutofanuncomfortablesituation.OneofthemostinterestingexchangesweheardwasinthePhoenixfocusgroup.Theinitialdiscussionofglobalwarmingsoundedmuchasweheardinothercities,withglobalwarmingcausedbypollutionwhichiscausedbyirreversiblemoraldeterioration.Atonepoint,oneoftherespondents,theprincipalofanelementaryschool,said:0     Idon'tthinktheweatherhaschanged.Someofmystudentswereataconferencewhere @  theyhadadebate.Andwhattheylearnedwasthatthereisscientificevidencetoshowthattheearthisnotwarming,infactitiscooling.Wegothroughcycles,butsometimespeoplehaveshortmemories. (#(# Afterthisstory,therespondentsimmediatelychangedtheirviewsandagreedthatthereisnosuchthingasglobalwarming.Thepointisthatwhenpeoplearestuckandfrustrated,theirviewschangequickly,especiallyiftheyhaveanopportunitytoresolvesomeofthetension.  Themostoverwhelmingresultofthisfrustrationisasenseoffatalismorhelplessness,thattheseareseriousproblemsaboutwhichnothingcanbedone.Forsomepeople,eventheeffortstocorrecttheproblemsonlyleadtootherproblems:0     Asapeoplewearetryingtocorrectsomanythingswejustendupdoingmoredamage. 8"* Wecreateonechemicaltogetridofanother,andallofthatstuffhastogosomewhere.Peopledontwanttoseetheearthgoaway,itisourlife,butwearedoingmoredamagethanhelp.LosAngeles,man.p&!0(#(#   '(#2   Thereis,amongsomepeople,anideathattheworldisgoingtocometoanendasaresult ofhumanactions.Thethreatofuniversaldestructionfromglobalwarmingfitsintobroadertheologicalconceptionsofapocalypseanddestruction.OnemaninWashington,DCencapsulatedthewholepicture:0     Globalwarming,greenhouse.Itisprettymuchwrittenthateverythingisgoingtocome    toanend.Noonewantstopullbackwhattheyhave.Humansaregreedyandtheywantwhattheywant. (#(# 0     We'llbelikethedinosaurs,whenthemeteoritehittheearth.DesMoines,man.X (#(#   Thepublichasclearlynotreachedapositionofconsensusontheissueofglobalwarming.Althoughthereisconsensusthatthereisaproblem,thereisnosensethatscientistshaveclearlyspokenaboutthenatureoftheproblem.Noristheirawidelyperceivedsenseaboutwhatthecountrymightdoaboutit,orwhetherthosestepswouldbeefficacious.Asaresultpeopleareupsetabouttheproblem,buttheirconcerntranslatesintofrustrationratherthansupportforaction. @!WaterAvailability  P$   Wealsoaskedourrespondentsabouttheproblemoftheavailabilityofwater.OneofthePICmembersremarkedthat"waterwillbeforthe21stcenturywhatoilwasforthe20thcentury,"withgeopoliticsbeingdrivenbytensionsamongthehavesandthehavenots.Inourgroups,wetriedtodeterminewhetherthepublicispreparedtoseewateravailabilityasamajorproblem.  '(#2   Wefoundsomeinterestinthistopic,especiallyinLosAngeles,butgenerallyspeaking thisisanissuethatisnotonthepublic'sradarscreen.Althoughthisissuehasnothadthekindofpublicdiscussionthatwehaveseenforglobalwarming,ourfocusgroupsalsoindicatedthat,onceagain,thereareanumberofobstaclesthatmayslowtheprocessofthisissuecomingfrontandcenterinpublicconsciousness.  1.Concernaboutwateravailabilityissidetrackedbyconcernsaboutwhatisperceived  p  tobeamoreimportantissue,waterpurity.  Itimmediatelybecameobviousthatpeopleare   extremelyconcernedaboutwater,butthatwhatconcernsthemisthepurityofwaterratherthanitsavailability.Therewasatremendousconcernthatdrinkingwatermaybecontaminatedwithpollutants.Aswenotedbefore(seeChart2),pollutionofrivers,lakesandreservoirstopsthelistofenvironmentalconcerns.Sixtyonepercentsaytheyworryagreatdealaboutthistopic,asopposedtoonly40%whoareconcernedaboutdamagetotheearth'sozonelayer. 8 "  9          Interestinglyenough,thegrowthofthebottledwaterindustryseemstohaveraisedfurtherconcernsaboutthepurityofdrinkingwater.OnewomanfromCharlestonputitthisway:0     Asfaraspollutantsinthewater,nowthatIhaveachildIthinkaboutit.Ihaveafilter " systemandwhenIamfixinghisbottlesIusebottledwater.P$(#(#   Mostpeoplebelievethatpollutionwillincreaseinthefuture.Only32%saytheythinktheairandwaterinthiscountrywillbecleaner100yearsfromnow. @ "  10      ׀(seeChart5)Andour 8"* focusgrouprespondentsreportedthatwaterismorepollutedtodaythanintheiryouth.0     Intheolddays,mydadusedtodrinkwaterfromacreekrunningbesidetheroad.You p&!0 wouldn'tdothattoday.Charleston,woman'(#2(#(# p]$<,(`~0 `(.E=X0pp]$<,(`~0 `(.E=X0p @)$4   Thisconcernaboutwaterpollutiontendstosidetrackpeoplefromaseriousdiscussionaboutwateravailability.Toputtheprobleminasimpleanalogy,itishardtogetpeople'sattentiontotheexistenceoftermitesintheirbasementiftheythinkthehouseisburningdown.Thepublichasonlyalimitedamountofenergytofocusonproblemsofanyonesort,andtheexistenceofamorepressingproblemtendstodeflectattentionfromlesserproblems.Theeffectivenessoftheenvironmentalcommunityinsensitizingpeopletotheproblemsofwaterpollution,inotherwords,hasmadeitmoredifficulttogetthepublic'sattentionontheproblemofwateravailability.p]W<,(`~0D6 `(.ED6D6p o(#o(#(#(#  2.__Again,_Ԁtherewasafeelingthat X  therealproblemsare_unactionable_.Ourfocusgrouprespondentsalso (x thought_they_Ԁknewthesourceofwaterpollution.Ourrespondentsquicklyjumpedtothesameanalysisweheardinthecaseofglobalwarming,namelythatwaterwasbecomingcontaminatedbecauseofirreversiblehumangreed.Afewsamplecomments:0  o   Itishumanbehaviorandmoney  ( thatdrivesthe___problem.It_Ԁiseasiertodumpstuffinthecreekthantodisposeofitproperly. (#(#o(#(#Phoenix,man.p&!0(#(#  __ '(#2   _3._Theavailabilityofapainlesstechnologicalsolution.Inthecaseofglobalwarming,   wefoundthatpeopleseemedtohaveahardtimethinkingthroughtheissuebecausethereseemedtobenosolution.Inthecaseofwater_availability,_Ԁwefoundexactlytheoppositeproblem.Theirthinkingimmediatelyjumpedtoanobviousand,intheirthinking,painlesssolution.Whenthinkingabouttheavailabilityofwater,peoplewereimmediatelystruckwiththefactthatthereisanenormousamountofoceanwaterontheearthandthat,atleastintheory,itispossibletotransformitintopure,drinkablewater.Theideaofdesalinizationenteredeveryconversation.0     WhenIwasinCuba,Castrocutoffthewatersupplytothebase,sotheyhookedupthe X  purifiersanddrankitfromtheocean.Charleston,woman. (#(# ̀0  Theycouldmakeitdrinkable,iftheyreallywantto,theycouldfilterandpurifyit.Des  Moines,man.H(#(#   4._Lack_Ԁofcrediblesignals.EveninLosAngeles,wherewedidfindsomeinterestinthe  problemofwateravailability,wefoundthatthedebatewasstalledbyalackofcredibleinformation.Althoughpeoplehadheardaboutwatershortages,theywerealsoinclinedtobeskepticalabouttheseriousnessofthoseshortages:0     Igobacktothefilm Chinatown.Politicsaredefinitelyinvolved,plusthegeographyof  ( thisplace.Thereisareallackofwaterbutitisalsobeingmanipulatedandcontrolledpolitically.LosAngeles,woman. (#(# 0     WehavehadalotofwatershortagesouthereinCalifornia.Theytellyoutoconservewater,whenyouconservewatertheyraisetheratesbecauseyouaren'tusingthewater.LosAngeles,man.@)$4(#(# Ї  Amongourrespondents,then,thinkingaboutwaterhadinterestingsimilaritiesanddifferencescomparedtothinkingaboutglobalwarming.Inbothcases,themainideathatcameupwastheideathatpollution,causedbymoraldecay,istheunderlyingproblem.Thisderailsthinkingaboutwateravailabilityinoneway.Asecondobstacleisthat,incontrasttoglobalwarming,inthisareathereis_perceivedtobea_Ԁpainlesstechnologicalsolutiondesalinizationwhichseemstoeffectivelystopmostseriousthinkingaboutthetopic.Intheenditcomestothesamething.Thepublic___cannot_Ԁthinkeffectivelyaboutaproblemifitssolutionseemseithertooeasyortoodifficult. @)$4 _ԇ__ _@||SpaceExplorationandResearch     Spaceresearchwasthemostcontroversialtopicwediscussed.Unliketheotherissues,theAmericanpublichasbeenhearingaboutspaceexplorationandresearchsincethe1950s.Itisnotanewtopic,andmanypeoplehavemadeuptheirmindsaboutit.Thelastfocusgroup,inCharleston,washeldshortlyaftertheJohnGlennspaceflight,sothetopicwasespeciallyfreshinpeople'sminds.  Ineachofthefocusgroups,therespondentsweresplitratherequallybetweentwo_opposing_Ԁviews.____  1.Spaceresearchopponents.Severalofourrespondentsspokerathernegativelyabout (x thespaceprogram.Thetypicalconcernwasnotthatspaceexplorationandresearch_is_Ԁabadthinginitself,butthatit_siphons_Ԁoffmoneyfrommorepressingconcernsathome.Sometypicalcomments:0     Idon'tknowalotaboutit,butIamalwaysamazedbytheamountofmoneythatwe 0  spend.Phoenix,woman. (#(# 0     Idon'tlikeanythingaboutspace.Moneyisbeingwastedonsomethingwecan'tdoanythingabout.Ireallyfeelthattheyshouldspendthatmoneydownhereonearth.Themoneyshouldgotohelpthepoorpeople.DesMoines,woman.8"*(#(#   2._Space_Ԁresearchsupporters.󀀀Eachgrouptypicallyhadanumberofpeoplewho %X . supportedspaceresearch.Thesupportersstressedanumberofreasons.Someofthemorefrequentlyrepeatedcommentshadtodowiththemanyspinofftechnologicalinventionsfromthespaceprogram: @)$4 Ї0     Theyhavedevelopedspecialmaterials,andtheyinventedmaterialsfromworkinspace.  Ithasforcedustobecreative.Whentheyhavethematerialavailable,thentheycanuseitforotherthings.Phoenix,man. (#(# 0     Ithasdonealotofgoodthings.ItputallofthosefabulouschannelsonourTVs.LosAngeles,woman. (#(#   Inadditiontothemoretangiblebenefits,spaceresearchalsoconjuredupimagesofpioneering,exploration,adventure.Oneschoolteacherputitthisway:0     Spaceresearchisimportanttome.IamanEnglishteacher,andIamaromantic.Iwant  tobeassignedtobetheprincipalinthefirstspacecolony.Phoenix,woman. (#(# 0     Iam_interested_Ԁinthepossibilityoflifeonotherplanets.LosAngeles,woman. (#(#   Oneofthemostcommonresponsesweheard_was_Ԁthatspacemayprovideacurefortheproblemsassociatedwithglobalwarming.Aswepointedoutearlier,manypeoplearefatalisticaboutissuessuchasglobalwarming.Theyareconvincedthatwewillnotdoanythingtosolvetheseproblemsuntilitistoolate.Spaceexploration,however,providesanothertechnologicalsolution.Thebelief,sharedbymanyofourrespondents,wasthatifwedodestroytheearth,wemaybeabletoliveinspacecolonies.0     Wearegoingtodestroytheearthwithexperimenting,soitisagoodideatohavesome #, placeelsetogo.LosAngeles,woman. (#(# 0     Ithinkitisa_reality__Ԁthat_Ԁwearegoingtostartcolonizingupthere.Whenandifitwillhappen,Ican'tsay.LosAngeles,man.@)$4(#(#     3._A_Ԁconfusingcostbenefittrade_Ԅoff._ԀFewofthepeoplewespoketowereopposedto h spaceresearch___itself;their_Ԁconcernhadmoretodowithwhereitshouldbeonourscaleofnationalpriorities.Partofthe_concern,_Ԁofcourse,wasthatwhenpeopleseeimagesofspaceresearchontelevision,whattheyseeisobviouslyextremelyexpensive.Theyknowthatmissioncontrolcenters,spacestations,shuttlesandeverythingelseareextremelycostly.Itisvirtuallyimpossible,however,forpeopletoseehowthesecostsrelatetootherlessvisibleitemsofpublicexpenditure.WeaskedseveralofourgroupswhethertheythoughtthatspaceresearchcoststhefederalgovernmentmoreorlessthanMedicare.Thiswasclearlyaquestionthatpeoplehadnotgivenmuchthought.SeveralofourrespondentsthoughtthatspaceresearchcostthegovernmentmuchmorethanMedicare.Fromtheirperspective,ofcourse,thismakessense.Whiletheyseehighlyexpensivespacehardwareontelevision,theyseeseniorcitizensstrugglingtopurchasetheirmedicationsbecausethegovernmentpaysonlyaportion.  Ofcourse,spaceresearchisnottheonlyareawherepeoplearedisturbedaboutfinancialissues.Publicopinionanalystshavelongnoticedthatpeoplehaveratherskewedideasabouthowmuchgovernmentactuallyspendsonvariousareas,foreignaidbeinganotableexample.__ @JJ!EarthquakeResearch  h&   Wealsoaskedourrespondentsaboutearthquakesandearthquakeresearch.Althoughmanyofourrespondentswereconvincedthatearthquakeswereapossibilitywheretheylived,mosthadlittledirectexperiencewithearthquakes.OnepersoninDesMoinesexpressedaconcernweheardeverywhere:"Earthquakescanhappenanywhere,atanytime."  '(#2   1._Earthquake_Ԁprediction.Despitethewidespreadbeliefthatearthquakesarepossible,   wefoundverylittlesupportamongourrespondentsforresearchonearthquakeprediction.Mostpeoplewespokewiththoughtthatearthquakesareinherentlyunpredictable"actsofGod,"andthatnoonecanpredictthemwithanyaccuracy.Further,theybelievedthatevenifwecouldpredictearthquakes,peoplewouldpaylittleattentiontothepredictions.EveninLosAngeles,theareathatwasmostconcernedaboutearthquakes,therewaslittleinterestinprediction.0     Asfaraspredicting_earthquakes__,that_Ԁiswhyyouseepsychicsonthe6:00_P.M._Ԁnews.No   oneknowsthefuture.LosAngeles,woman.@ (#(# 0     Ifanearthquakeislittle,whatdifferencedoesitmake?Ifitisbig,wherearethepeople  togo?Phoenix,man.(x(#(# ThemostinterestinearthquakepredictionwasexpressedinCharleston,wheresomerespondentsreflectedonthecontributionsthathurricanepredictionhadmadeintheirarea.  2._Earthquake_proofbuildings.Whiletherewaslittleinterestintryingtopredict 0  ___earthquakes,_Ԁourrespondentsseemedtobemuchmoreinterestedintheabilitytodesignbuildingsthatcanwithstandearthquakes.Herepeoplesawaresearchthatdoeshaveakindofefficacy.Severaloftherespondentsexpressedtheirawarenessthatbetterbuildingcodeshadmadearealdifference,especiallyinLosAngeles.Afewcomments:0     Earthquakesareimportant,butthereisn'tmuchyoucando,exceptmaybechangethe #, buildingcodes.LosAngeles,man. (#(# 0     Theycantrytomakebuildingsearthquakeproof.Thereweren'talotofbuildingsthatcamedowninthatbigquake.Theproblemwaswiththefreeway.LosAngeles,man.@)$4(#(# Ї  Developingearthquakeproofbuildings(andpinpointingtheareasofthecountrythat_need_Ԁthiskindofconstruction)aredirectionsthatmakesensetothepublic.Onceagain,thesearethekindoftechnologicalfixesthatpeoplefindattractive.___̀__  Oftheissueswestudied,earthquakesgeneratedtheleastdiscussionandinterestamong P  ourfocusgrouprespondents.Oursensewas,aswehaveobservedabove,thatthereislittlesupportforanyeffortstopredictearthquakes(andfromwhatwecantell,seismologistsarelessinterestedinthisproblemanyway),butmuchmorepotentialinterestinthetaskofmakingbuildings_earthquakeproof._ԀAswehaveseenbefore,giventhepublic'sskepticismaboutchangingbroadpublicbehavioralchanges,anythingthataddressestheproblemwithoutaskingpeopletochangetheir_behavior_Ԁhasamuchhigherchanceofgainingpublicsupport._@$$(*_Ԁ**__________  Eachoftheseissuesglobalwarming,wateravailability,space_research_Ԁandearthquakeresearchoccupiesasomewhatdifferentspaceinthepublic's_thinking,b____ut_Ԁ_each_Ԁ_reflects_Ԁsimilarpatterns.Thepublicis,inonewayoranother,concernedaboutthetopicsthatweinvestigated.But,atthesametime,peopleareconfusedandadrift.Inthecaseofglobalwarmingandearthquakes,theyareconvincedthatthereisa_problem_Ԁbutskepticalthatthereisasolution.Inthecaseofwateravailability,theexistenceofaneasy_pseudosolution_Ԁ(desalinization)blocksawarenessthattheproblemevenexists.Spaceresearchiscaughtupinadivisivedisagreementaboutcostsand_benefits._Ԁ Stagnation_Versus__Ԁ__Public_Ԁ_Engagement _ %X .   PublicAgendaresearchonavarietyofissuessuggeststhattherearemanydimensionstopublicopinion.One_dimension__Ԁthat_Ԁisnotoften_discussed_Ԁhastodowithhowreadythepublicis @)$4 toengage_an_Ԁissue,namelytothinkthroughthecomplexitiesandbewillingtoundergothepainfulprocessofforgingaconsensusorcompromiseabouthowtodealwithit.Onsomeissues,thepubliciswillingtobe_engaged_Ԁandreadytomakehardchoicesand,ifnecessary,tosacrificetomeetotherobjectives.Inotherareas,thepublicseemsstalemated.Whiletheymayconcedetheseriousnessoftheissue,theyarenotreadytoengage_it,_Ԁortotakeactionstodealwithit.  Why_istherethe_Ԁdifferencebetweenengagementandstalemate?Thereareatleastthreefactorsthatareimportanttotheprocess.First,thepublicmustbeconvincedthattheissueisarealone,eitherbecausetheybelievethemessagestheyarehearingfromleadershiporbecausetheyseetheeffectsoftheproblemwiththeirowneyes.Merelybeingconvincedoftheimportanceoftheproblem,however,doesnotinitselfguaranteeengagement.Second,thepublicneedschoicesforhowtodealwitha_problem_Ԁandthechancetothinkthroughtheimplicationsofthosechoices.Increasingthepublic'ssenseofconcernabouttheproblemonlyincreasestheirfrustration,nottheirwillingnesstodealwiththeproblem.Finally,peopleneedtofeelthateffectivesolutionsareavailable,and,iffollowed,willactuallymakeadifference. `K*&' ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,<d@,<t@+  9(((& 3" C9Factorsrelatedtostalemateversusengagement x`K Q((B*#C ((( CQStalemate ?()(,!#s$C(( C?Engagement N)(?'#s%C ()( CNConfusingandcontradictorymessagesfromleadership. ?))(,!"S(C)( C?Consistentandcrediblemessagesfromleadershipontheimportanceoftheproblem. N)(?'"S+C ))( CNAbsenceofclearlydefinedsolutionsorchoices. ?))(,!$3 .C)( C?Clearlyunderstoodchoices,withprosandcons,toserveasacatalystforpublicdebateanddialogue. L)((;'K&!3C ))( CLNoconvictionthatproposedactionswillactuallysolvetheproblem. ?))((,!C)(( C?Widelysharedsenseof_efficacy__Ԁthat_Ԁifrecommendedactionsaretaken,theproblem willbesolved. 9-x7-+XC 0  ))(( 7 9-  Recyclingprovidesagoodexampleofhowthepubliccanbeengagedbyanissue.Inthe1970speoplebecameconvincedoftheexistenceoftheproblemofgarbagedisposal(ourfocusgrouprespondentswerestilltalkingabouttheimageofhomelessgarbagebargesfloatingaroundthe_nation)._ԀWithrecycling,thepublicwas_given_Ԁaclearlydefinedsetofactions,which,fromacommonsenseperspectiveseemedlikelytoaddresstheproblem.Aswehavealreadynoted,recyclinghasbecomeenormouslypopular.  Bycontrast,globalwarmingprovidesanexampleofanissuewheretheseconditionsarenotpresent.Inthiscasethereis_ageneral_Ԁconsensusthattheproblemisrealanditexists.Whatismissingisasensethatthereareclearlydefinedchoicesthatwillactuallysolvetheproblem.Withoutanyclearsenseofefficacyaboutthechoices,however,communicationabouttheseriousnessoftheproblemmostlyservestoincreasepublicfrustration.Asaresult,peoplegrowmorehopelessaboutthesituationand,notsurprisingly,loseinterest.Regardlessofhowimportanttheissueis,theyseemtobesaying,iftheproblemisunsolvableweshouldturnourattentionelsewhere. Whatthe_Public_Ԁis_Waiting_Ԁ_For _ !`*   Ourresearchsuggeststhatthereisapotentialpoolofinterestandsupportforgeophysicalissuesbut_that_Ԁ_currently_Ԁthepublicisnotgivingtheseissuestheirfullattention.Ifouranalysisiscorrect,thepubliciswaitingforatleasttwothings:  (h#4   1._Credible_Ԁsignalsfromthescientificcommunity.AsonememberofthePICremarked,   scientistsaretrainedtodisputeanddebateonthetheorythatscientificprogresscanemergefromvigorousdisagreements.Whatworkswellwithinthescientificcommunity,however,_do__es_Ԁnotnecessarilycommunicatetothepublic.Thepublichasbeenbatteredbackandforthbyconflictingscientifictheories(forexample,therecentreversalofscientificopinionontherelationshipbetweenfiberandcoloncancer).Whatthepublicneedstohearfromthescientificcommunityisagreatersenseofagreementaboutwhatisknown.  2._A_Ԁsenseofefficacy.Aswehavesaidearlier,informingthepublicoftheproblemscan @  increasefrustrationand_apathy_Ԁratherthanbuildsupport.Ourresearchsuggeststhatwhatthepublicismostskepticalaboutisnottheexistenceof_problems_Ԁbutourabilitytosolvethem.Whatwillmakethepublicinvestenergyintheseissuesisnottheconvictionthattheproblemsarereal,butthatwecandosomethingaboutthem._Currently,_Ԁthepublictendstovarybetweenthinkingeitherthatthereisnosolution,orthattheproblemscanbepainlesslysolvedwithoutbehavioralchangesfrommostpeople.Whattheyneedtohear,ifattitudesaretochange,isthattherearerealsolutionswhichrequireenergy,butthatcanmakeadifference._  0  __________ Acknowledgments: _  Iamindebtedtoanumberofpeopleforhelpwiththisproject.Iam,firstofall,gratefultoWilliamGraustein,former_chair_ԀofthePublicInformationCommitteeoftheAmericanGeophysicalUnion.Dr.GrausteinwasconvincedthattheapproachPublicAgendahadtakeninotherareascouldshedlightongeophysicalissuesaswell,anditwashisvisionthatbroughtthetwoorganizationstogether.IamalsogratefultothemembersofthePICfortheirfrankandthoughtfulfeedback._A__subcommittee,_Ԁconsisting_of__WilliamGraustein,__________Robert_Cowen_,ShellyLauzon,JohnDickeyandHarveyLeifert__helped_Ԁfurtherrefineandshapetheresearch.IamindebtedtomycolleaguesatPublicAgenda,includingJeanJohnson,Deborah_Wadsworth_ԀandSteveFarkasfortheiradviceandguidance.JoannaMcHughandClaireAulicinowereresponsibleforsettingupthefocusgroups,searchingthepublicopiniondatabasesandforassistinginallaspectsoftheresearch.FinallyIamgratefultoVillanovaUniversityforitssupportandflexibilityinallowingmetoworkwiththisproject. Aboutthe_Author: _  _JohnImmerwahrisaSeniorResearchFellowatPublicAgendaandAssociateVicePresidentforAcademicAffairsatVillanovaUniversity.HeistheauthorofanumberofPublicAgendareports,manyofwhichdealwitheducation,includingTakingResponsibility:LeadersExpectationsofHigherEducation,andThePriceof 8"* Admission:TheGrowingImportanceofHigherEducation.Healsocoauthoredthe #, groundbreakingnationalstudy,FirstThingsFirst:WhatAmericansExpectfromthePublic %X . Schools,andAmericansViewsonStandards,forthe1996NationalEducationSummitofthe p&!0 Nation'sGovernorsandBusinessLeaders. @)$4  Methodology:   Thisreportisbasedonfivefocusgroupsconductedin:Potomac,Maryland,onMarch4,1997;DesMoines,Iowa,onJuly14,1998;LosAngeles,California,onAugust3,1998;Phoenix,Arizona,onAugust4,1998;andCharleston,SouthCarolina,onNovember19,1998.Focusgroupsarediscussionswithsmallgroupsconductedbyaprofessionallytrainedmoderatorfollowingasystematicresearchplan.Researcherscangetpeoplesspontaneousreactions,askquestionsaboutunfamiliarconcepts,andgaugepeoplesreactionstonewargumentsandinformation.Perhapsmostimportantly,focusgroupsallowresearcherstoprobebeyondsurfaceanswers,andunderstandwhypeoplethinkastheydo.Participantsareselfselected;thereforewhilefindingsaresuggestive,theyarenot_generalizable_.ProfessionalrecruitingfacilitiesenlistedmembersfromtheircommunitiestoparticipateinthisresearchbasedonspecificationsprovidedbyPublicAgenda.Allgroupsexcludedanyonewhoworkedasascientistorinenvironmentalgroups,orinmarketing,advertising,thelaw,thenewsmediaorpoliticalcampaigns.Allgroupsconsistedoftentotwelveadultsages1869froma 0  varietyofracial,economic,educational,andoccupationalbackgrounds,aswellasanequalnumberofmenandwomen.  h&  Endnotes: