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	Introduction Matthew Sturm Seasonal Snow September November January Snow as an Insulator Seasonal Snow Dark Days Ahead Sea Ice Changing Arctic Terrain [1] Changing Arctic Terrain [2] The Four Lines of Evidence Plot Studies Paired Photographic Studies [1] Paired Photographic Studies [2] Remote Sensing Local Knowledge [1] Local Knowledge [2] Interactions Between Snow and Plants The "Newtonian Approach" The "Darwinian Approach" What's the Best Approach? Snow/Shrub Interaction Cycle [1] Snow/Shrub Interaction Cycle [2] Impact of Shrubs on Winter Soil Temperature Why is Snow a Great Insulator? Warmer Soil Nutrients for the Shrubs Iak River Putting it all Together Snow/Shrub Interactions [1] Snow/Shrub Interactions [2] Snow/Shrub Interactions [3] Snow/Shrub Interactions [4] The Impact The Decreasing Length of Winter [1] The Decreasing Length of Winter [2] May 1, 1999 May 10, 1999 May 12, 1999 May 15, 1999 May 18, 1999 May 20, 1999 May 22, 1999 May 23, 1999 May 25, 1999 The Summer Shift Logistic Growth Curve Ivotuk, Alaska Shrubs Affecting Snow Case Study Results Solar Multiplication Factors Comparison of Tundra and Spruce Energy Exchanges Summary Q&A